HISTORICAL EPILOGUE 407 



in the Chinese gardens, hills are a fundamental feature, but the 

 Chinese gardens abound more in small kiosks and balustraded 

 galleries, and rockeries honeycombed with caves and grottoes 

 and the Chinese also employ more flowering plants than the 

 Japanese. 



Historical examples of old Japanese gardens are those of 

 Ginkakinzi (silver Pavilion) in Kyoto, and also in old conventual 

 establishments, which have served as models for later artists. 



As described in their books the art of laying out gardens is very 

 abstruse, fanciful and superstitious ; it is made highly complicated 

 so as to be purposely puzzling to the uninitiated. 



There are three styles: i. Shin, i.e. Finished Style; 2. Gio, i.e. 

 Intermediate Style ; 3. S0, i.e. Free or Bold Style. The mixture 

 of conflicting styles is carefully avoided, and the character of the 

 proprietor and the predominating sentiment either of the natural 

 scene or of an abstraction, such as Happiness, is considered in 

 the composition. 



One of the chief methods (the ' Distance-lowering ') of laying 

 out, was to plant large trees in the foreground and lower ones to 

 the distance, with a view of adding to the perspective ; further 

 hills were made lower than the nearer ones and the distant water 

 higher. Another school was in favour of 'Distance -raising.' 

 Then there is the Garden of Artificial Hills, and space is suggested 

 by blank spaces and obliterations. In the ' Shin ' style are five 

 principal hills of different character. Waterfalls are indispensable, 

 in imitation of the famous Cascade in Chiang-So. Of Lakes their 

 ideal is that called Seiko, famous for its Lotuses. Four kinds of 

 islands are introduced into water scenery the Elysian Isle, the 

 Windswept Isle, the Master's Isle and the Guest's Isle. 



The selection and arrangement of stones has been said to 

 constitute the skeleton of the garden. Every stone is symbolic, 

 and has a name according to its situation ; there are whole path- 

 ways of stepping-stones and groups of stones round lanterns and 

 water-basins. 



Sand carefully raked, sometimes in patterns, is an important 

 feature, especially in the smaller gardens. The one here given 



