14 ON SOME EARLY GARDEN HISTORY 



one in the centre of each wall, while the angles 

 of the outer walls are marked by small octagonal 

 buildings. 



The water runs in a trim stone- or brick-edged 

 canal down the whole length of the enclosure, 

 falling from level to level in smooth cascades, 

 or rushing in a tumult of white foam over carved 

 water-chutes (chaddars). Below many of these 

 waterfalls the canal flows into a larger or smaller 

 tank, called a hauz, usually studded with numer- 

 ous small fountains. The principal pavilion was 

 often placed in the centre of the largest of these 

 sheets of water, forming a cool, airy retreat 

 from the rays of the midday sun, where the 

 inmates of the garden might be lulled to sleep 

 by the roar of the cascades, while the misty 

 spray of the fountains, drifting in through the 

 arches of the building, tempered the heat 

 of a burning noontide : water pavilions, such 

 as the exquisite black marble baradari in the 

 harem garden of the Kashmir Shalimar, or 

 the octagonal building which once adorned the 

 great tank of the ruined garden at Bijbehara. 

 In nearly all the larger gardens side-canals were 

 added, leading out from the principal tanks 

 and terminating in architectural features such 



