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of urine, and above all the passage of gravel witli the urine, especially 

 at the time of the access of relief The passage of blood and pus in the 

 urine is equally significant. If the irritation of the kidney goes on to 

 active inflammation then the symptoms of nephritis are added. 



Uretral Calcnli. — These are so-called because they are found in the 

 passage leading from the kidney to the bladder. They are simply small 

 renal calculi which have escaped from the i:»elvis of the kidney and 

 have become arrested in the ureter. They give rise to symptoms almost 

 identical with those of renal calculi, with this difference, that the colicky 

 pains, caused by the obstruction of the ureter by the impacted calculus, 

 are more violent, and if the calculus passes ou into the bladder the 

 relief is instantaneous and complete. If the ureteris completely blocked 

 for a length of time the retained urine may give rise to destructive in- 

 flammation in the kidney, which may end in the entire absorption of 

 that organ, leaving only a fibrous capsule containing an urinous fluid. 

 If both the ureters are similarly blocked the animal will die of uroemic 

 poisoning. 



Treatment of Renal and Uretral Calculi. — This is unsatisfactory, as it 

 is only the small calculi that can i^ass through the ureters and escape 

 into the bladder. This may be favored by agents which will relax the 

 walls of the ureters by counteracting their spasm and even lessening 

 their tone, and by a liberal use of water and waterj- fluids to increase 

 the urine and the i)ressure upon the calculus from behind. One or 

 two ounces of laudanum or two drams of extract of belladonna, may 

 be given and repeated as it may be necessary, the relief of the pain 

 being a fair criterion of the abating of the spasm. To the same end 

 use warm fomentations across the loins, and these should be kept up 

 persistently until relief is obtained. These act not alone by sooth- 

 ing and relieving the spasm and inflammation, but they also favor the 

 freer secretion of a more watery urine and thus tend to carry off the 

 smaller calculi. To further secure this object give cool water freely, 

 and let the food be only such as contains a large proportion of liquid, 

 gruels, mashes, turnips, beets, apples, pumpkins, ensilage, succulent 

 grasses, etc. If the acute stage has passed and the presence of the 

 calculus is manifested only by the frequent passage of urine with gritty 

 particles, by stiffness of the loins and hind limbs and by tenderness to 

 pressure, the most promising resort is a long run at pasture where the 

 grasses are fresh and succulent. The long-continued secretion of a 

 ■watery urine will sometimes cause the breaking down of a calculus, as 

 the imbibition of the less dense fluid by the organic sponge-like frame 

 work of the calculus causes it to swell and thus lessens its cohesion. 

 The same end is sought by the long continued use of alkalies (carbonate 

 of potassium), and of acids (muriatic), each acting in a diftereut way to 

 alter the density and cohesion of the stone. But it is only excep- 

 tionally that any of these methods is entirely satisfactory. If inflam- 

 mation of the kidneys develop, treat as advised under that head. 



