96 



the heinorrliage is from the lungs. (See Bleeding from the lungs.) In 

 most cases, bathing the head and washing out the nostril with cold 

 water is all that is necessary. If the cause is known you will be guided 

 according to circumstances. If the bleeding continues, pour ice-cold 

 water over the face, between the eyes and down over the nasal cham- 

 bers. A bag containing ice in small pieces applied to the head is often 

 efiQcient. If in spite of these measures the hemorrhage continues, try 

 plugging the nostrils with cotton, tow, or oakum. Tie a string around 

 the plug before it is pushed up into the nostril, so that it can be safely 

 withdrawn after four or five hours. If both nostrils are bleeding plug 

 only one nostril at a time. If the hemorrhage is profuse and persist- 

 ent give a drench composed of 1 dram of acetate of lead dissolved in a 

 pint of water; or 1 dram gallic acid dissolved in a pint of water may bo 

 tried. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE PHARYNX. 



As already stated, the pharynx is common to the functions of both 

 respiration and alimentation. From this organ the air passes into the 

 larynx and thence onward to the lungs. In the posterior part of the 

 pharynx is the sup erior extremity of the gullet, the canal through 

 which the food and water pass to the stomach. Inflammation of the 

 pharynx is a complication of other diseases, viz., influenza, strangles, 

 etc., and is probably always, more or less, complicated with inflamma- 

 tion of the larynx. That it may exist as an independent afiection there 

 is no reason to doubt, but so closely do the symptoms resemble those 

 of laryngitis, and as the treatment is the same as for the latter disease, 

 it is unnecessary to give it further consideration in a separate article. 



SOKE THROAT — LARYNGITIS. 



The larynx is situated in the space between the lower jawbones just 

 back of the root of the tongue, and is retained in this position by the 

 windpipe, muscles, and bones to which it is attached. It may be con- 

 sidered as a box (somewhat depressed on each side), composed princi- 

 pally of cartilages and small muscles, and lined on the inside with a 

 continuation of the respiratory mucous membrane. Posteriorly it opens 

 into and is continuous with the windpipe. It is the organ of the voice, 

 the vocal cords being situated within it; but in the horse this function 

 is of little or no consequence. It dilates and contracts to a certain ex- 

 tent like the nostrils, thus regulating the volume of air passing through 

 it. The mucous membrane lining it internally is so highly sensitive 

 that if the smallest particle of food happens to drop into it from the 

 pharynx the muscles instantly contract and violent coughing ensues, 

 which is continued until the source of irritation is ejected. This is a 

 wise provision of nature to prevent foreign substances gaining access 

 to the lungs. That projection called Adam's apple in the neck of man 

 is the prominent part of one of the cartilages forming the larynx. 



