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Each hole at the small end of the instrument has passed through it a 

 stout cord with a ruuniog noose, to be passed around two feet or other 

 portion of the foBtus which it may be possible to reach. The cords are 

 then drawn tight and fixed around the handle of the instrument, then 

 by using the cross-handle as a lever the foetus and womb may be rotated 

 in a direction opposite to that causing the obstruction. During this 

 process the hand must be introduced to feel when the twist has been 

 undone. This method may be supplemented, if necessary, by rolling 

 the mare as described above. 



EFFUSION OF BLOOD IN THE VAGINAL WALLS. 



This is common as a result of difficult parturition, but it may occur 

 from local injury before that act, and may seriously interfere with it. 

 This condition is easily recognized by the soft, doughy swelling so char- 

 acteristic of blood clots, and by the dark red color of the mucous mem- 

 brane. I have laid open such swellings with the knife as late as ten 

 days before parturition, evacuated the clots, and dressed the wound 

 daily with an astringent lotion (sulphate of zince 1 dram, carbolic acid 

 1 dram, water 1 quart). A similar resort might be had, if necessary, 

 during i^arturition. 



CALCULUS (stone) AND TUMOR IN THE BLADDER. 



The pressure upon the bladder containing a stone or a tumor may 

 prove so painful that the mare will voluntarily suppress the labor pains. 

 Examination of the bladder with the finger introduced through the 

 urethra will detect the offending agent. A stone should be extracted 

 with forceps (see "Lithotomy"). The large papillary tumors which I 

 have met with in the mare's bladder have been invariably delicate in 

 texture and could be removed piecemeal by forceps. Fortunately, 

 mares affected in this way rarely breed. 



IMrACTION OF THE RECTUM WITH FyECES. 



In some animals, with more or less paralysis or wealiness of the tail 

 and rectum, the rectum may become so impacted with solid faeces that 

 the mare is unable to discharge them, and the accumulation both by 

 reason of the mechanical obstruction and the pain caused by pressure 

 upon it will impel the animal to cut short all labor pains. The rounded 

 swelling surrounding the anus will at once suggest the condition, when 

 the obstruction may be removed by the well-oiled or soaped hand. 



spasm of the neck OF THE WOMB. 



This occurs in the mare of specially excitable temperament, or under 

 particular causes of irritation, local or general. Labor pains, though 

 continuing for some time, produce no dilatation of the neck of the 

 womb, which will be found firmly closed so as to admit but one or two 

 fingers, and this, although the projection at the mouth of the womb 

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