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palm of the baud while being brought up over the brim of the pelvis. 

 Otherwise the womb may be torn. When the pains are too violent and 

 constant to allow effective manipulation, some respite maybe obtained 

 by the use of chloroform or morphia, and by turning the mare ou her 

 back, but too often the operator fails and the foal must be sacrificed. 

 Two courses are still open : first, to cut through the cords behind and 

 above the hock and extend the upper part of the limb, leaving the 

 hock bent, and extract in this way, and, second, to amputate the hind 

 limbs at the hip joint and remove them separately, after which the body 

 may be extracted. 



HIND PRESENTATION WITH LEGS BENT FORWARD FRO^M THE HIP. 



This is merely an aggravated form of the presentation last de- 

 scribed. (Plate XII, Fig. 1). If the mare is roomy a rope may be 

 passed around each thigh and the body pushed upward and forward, so 

 as to bring the hocks and heels upward. If this can be accomplished, 

 nooses are placed on the limb farther and farther down until the feltlock 

 is reached and brought into position. If failure is met with, then am- 

 putation at the hips is the dernier ressort. 



HIND PRESENTATIONS WITH THE BACK TURNED SIDEWAYS OB 



DOWNWARD. 



These are the counterparts of similar anterior presentations and are 

 to be managed in the same way. 



PRESENTATION OF THE BACK. 



This is rare, yet not unknown, the foal being bent upon itself with 

 the back, recognizable by its sharp row of spines, presented at the en- 

 trance of the pelvis, and the head and all four feet turned back into the 

 womb. (Plate XI, Fig. 1.) The body of the foetus may be extended 

 across the opening transversely so that the head corresponds to one side 

 (right or left), or it may be vertical with the head above or below. 



In any such position the object should be to push the body of the 

 foetus forward and upward or to one side, as may best promise to bring 

 up the fore or hind extremities, and bring the latter into the passage so 

 as to constitute a normal anterior or posterior presentation. This turn- 

 ing of the foetus may be favored by a given position of the mother, by 

 the free use of oil or lard on the surface of the foetus, and by th3 use of 

 a propeller. 



PRESENTATION OF BREAST AND ABDOMEN. 



This is the reverse of the back presentation, the foal being extended 

 across in front of the pelvic opening, but with the belly turned toward 

 the passages and with all four feet engaged in the passage. (Plate XI, 

 Fig. 2.) The most promising course is to secure the hind feet with 



