JUDGING DAIRY CATTLE 89 



performance, is as certain as things can be to sire su- 

 perior stock, provided he is satisfactory as an individual. 



150. Qualities Associated with Individuality. Impres- 

 sive power or prepotency and constitution are indicated 

 to a certain extent by the individual. The first mentioned 

 may be estimated with some certainty by the masculine 

 appearance of the bull in the head, horn, and crest ; while 

 the constitution is reflected by the depth of chest, the 

 size of the navel and the general appearance of the hair, 

 hide, and eye, as these are closely asso-ciated with thrift 

 and vigor. The type in other respects should be that out- 

 lined for the dairy cow. A very common defect in the 

 form of the dairy bull is roundness of the hips and undue 

 fullness of the thighs, traceable to heaviness of flesh in 

 these regions. 



The hip bones and the hocks should be prominent and 

 between these points there should be a marked falling 

 away due to the absence of any tendency towards fatness 

 in this region. The undeveloped teats should be large 

 and well placed and the navel should be prominent. The 

 skin, especially where it gathers in loose folds between 

 the thighs and at other points, should be soft, pliable and 

 rich in color. All points should show much more open- 

 ness and relaxation than is customary in beef animals, for 

 this characteristic appears to be prevalent among deep 

 milking types. 



151. Judging Calves. In the selection of the best 

 calves the merit of the dam as a dairy cow is a valuable 

 guide but it is not a point that is usually employed in 

 show yard judging. In reference to the form of heifer 

 calves the type of the typical dairy cow in miniature is 

 the most desirable. The long face, the thin neck, light 

 shoulder, sharp withers, deep chest, large capacious body, 

 wide, long and thin rump, thin thighs, mellow hide of 

 red color and soft hair should all be in evidence. The 

 folds of skin in the udder regions should be loose and 

 pliable. The teats should not be bunched together but 



