THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 



ly all bacteria has been very carefully 

 worked out. 



Bacillus alvei seems to be closely re- 

 lated to the colon group; and among that 

 group he will find none that stand any 

 such temperature as Prof. Harrison re- 

 ports. This is a sort of negative proof 

 that there has been some mistake made 

 somewhere. 



My experiments, which were made un- 

 der the eye of Dr. Moore, of Cornell, 

 formerh' of the United States Department 

 of Animal Pathology, and one of the 

 world's best authorities upon the colon 

 group, show, as I said at Philadelphia, 

 that between ten and fifteen minutes of 

 actual boiling kills the spores as well as 

 the vegetation stage of Bacilhis alvei. 



I also found that a temperature of 150°, 

 F., for several hours, would kill them. 



This will explain why the honey from 

 the solar extractor did not infect the bees. 



It is also well known that bacteria sub- 

 jected for a long time to a temperature 

 above the normal, for that species, lose 

 their virulence. This, however, may be 

 restored by passing through a succession 

 of susceptible animals. So Mr. Taylor 

 may find that, even after a long time, 

 liis colony may come down with foul 

 l)rood; providing the temperature was 

 not quite high enough to destroy the 

 germs. 



B)' making a bacteriological examina- 

 tion of the dead brood he mentions, he 

 could determine the point. 



I do not think, however, that he would 

 find any foul brood; for sunlight is al- 

 most surely fatal to all bacteria that do 

 not normally live in it. 



It seems to me that if the writers on 

 foul brood would read the chapters upon 

 the thermal death point of bacteria, in 

 any good text book, there would be much 

 less controversy upon the subject. 



S.VN Fr.\NCISC() dk PAUr<A, 



Cuba, Oct. 21, 1899. 



BEES IX CLAMPS. 



How t" Manage the Swarmint; Feaiiire. 



Usinft Drone-Comb for Oiieen-Cell- 



Cups. 



O. J. HETHERINGTON. 



URIEXD H., To 

 ^ your descrip- 

 tion of my clamp 

 method of bee- 

 keeping, I might 

 add a little in re- 

 gard to manage- 

 ment during the 

 swarming season. 

 When the swarm- 

 ing season has 

 come, I drive the bees from the hive, and 

 hive them in a new hive on the old stand; 

 putting on the supers at the time of hiv- 

 ing. The old hive is placed upon a new 

 stand and given a mature queen cell, or, 

 preferably, a laying queen. About the 

 middle of la.st June I got five queens 

 (through Mr. Bingham) from Mrs. Atch- 

 ley, and gave them to as many old colo- 

 nies from which a swarm had been driven, 

 and from one of the five to which queens 

 were given I got 90 lbs. of comb honey; 

 from another I got 60 lbs. The others 

 did not do quite so well. Each of the 

 colonies driven out furnished 30 lbs. of 

 early honey and as much of fall honey. 

 .Vfter the honey season is over I put a 

 (jueen-e.xcluder on the old hive, and set 

 the hive containing the driven swarm 

 over it, and leave it a day or two. Then, 

 with smoke, I drive most of the bees down 

 into the lower hive, when there will be 

 little difficulty in finding and killing the 

 queen of the upper hive. This plan .saves 

 watching for swarms, secures a good 

 yield of honey, and results in good colo- 

 nies, with young queens, for wintering. 

 Last summer I prepared a colony for 

 rearing queen-cells on the Doolittle plan, 

 and, every three days, I could get from 

 .seven to ten cups accepted out of sixteen. 



