ANNIVEESARY ADDRESS. 59 



great industrial exLibitions. The effect of these exhibltlonrS may 

 be briefly stated. They have focalized the industry of the country, 

 by bringing it under view as one spectacle, thus enabling all to 

 know, from time to time, the exact state of it. They afforded 

 means of comparison wliicli did not previously exist, not only to 

 those engaged in a particular pursuit, but also to those employed 

 in those pursuits which act reciprocally upon each other. They 

 have created a mutual interest between the man of science, the 

 manufacturer, the capitalist, and the working classes. The intelli- 

 gent criticism to which they have given rise in the various indus- 

 trial journals, not only from scientific men, but from manufactu- 

 rers and workmen, have been of the greatest benefit. Their regular 

 recurrence has kept up a spirit of emulation, in tlie desire to pro- 

 duce something better and cheaper than before. They have served 

 as a means of advertising new or superior productions, upon a 

 scale the most extensive, and have led to the gradual development 

 of the business theory of large sales with small profits. They 

 have stimulated inventions by keeping up the constant desire for 

 new discoveries, improved methods, and better machinery ; and 

 lastly, they have dignified labor by giving it something more to 

 struggle for than more pecuniary compensation. 



The exhibition of 1814 had a marked effect throughout Europe. 

 It led immediately to similar exhibitions for the encouragement of 

 national industry in Sweden, Belgium, Prussia, Spain and Ireland, 

 and when it was followed up by a still greater display" in 1S49, 

 the British lion stirred himself and got up in 1851 — the exhibition 

 in London of the industry of all nations, a spectacle visited by 

 over six million of people. I had the satisfaction of visiting that 

 magnificent display, and thought that nothing could ever equal it, 

 yet the French sui-passed it at the great international exhibition, 

 at Paris, in 1855. There Avere 20, 70^ exhibitors at Paris, being 

 nearly GOOO more than at London, and 96,000 persons visited the 

 Paris exhibition in one day, 3000 more than the highest number 

 attending the Crystal Palace in a single day. 



In 1853 an ijiternational exhibition was given at the Cr^'stal 

 Palace, in this city. It \vas followed by a great exhibition at Mu- 

 nich, in Bavaria, in 1854; others have since succeeded, and in the 

 present year, 1863, a National Industrial Exhibition has been held at 

 Constantinople. The project was undertaken by a private company, 

 under the auspices of the government, and a price was charged for 

 admission, the proceeds from which, however, did not cover one- 

 tenth part of the expenses. The Turks, however, did not understand 

 it. When asked to go and see, the follower of the prophet shrugged 



