8G TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 



30 feet each way, and grapes iu rows to form a trellis between each row 

 of apple trees. Should grape vines run north and south or east and west, 

 and how thick in the row should they be set ? What variety is most trust- 

 worthy for a good wine grape for the latitude of Northern Indiana? 

 Should like to hear talk about the Oporto and Delaware compared as a 

 wine grape. I have a young orchard just set on a good piece of gravelly 

 loam, pi-etty well prepared, and for want of other room should like to fill 

 it up with grapes, if it will pay to do so." 



Solon Robinson — I commend this man, and I think that all the members 

 wnll agree with me in this, to take " Landmarks," the new paper published 

 by Dr. Grant, " lona, near Peekskill, N. Y.," as the best guide that he can 

 have upon grape culture. If he reads that, he will not plant grapes and 

 apple trees together, and when he knows both, he will not plant the Oporto 

 anywhere for a vineyard. 



Dr. Trimble — Yes, all will concur in that recommendation ; that work 

 will teach him how and when to plant, what sorts are best, how to culti- 

 vate, and all about the business. 



John G. Bergen — I have no doubt that he may plant vines in an orchard, 

 as suggested, and get several good crops of grapes before the trees grow 

 large enough to interfere with the vines; but he would then have to sacri- 

 fice his vineyard, just as it became profitable. As to the direction in 

 which vinos for a trellis should be set. I have some rows planted to run 

 north-east and south-west, and others north-west and south-east, and I do 

 not find any difference. 1 do not believe it is of any importance what di- 

 rection is given to the rows. 



Calcined Sand to Preserve Apples. 



J. H. Garretson, Richland, Keokuk, Iowa, says : 



" I have tried most of the materials spoken of by members of the Club, 

 and think surely thc}^ have never tried Calcined Sand, or they would not 

 recommend anything else where fine sand could be readily procured and 

 cheaply burned. It has many advantages over all other materials, such 

 as oats, chaff, cut straw, hay, buckwheat hulls or rice hulls, and I know 

 of no objection to its use." 



Prof. Mapes — This will depend entirely upon what he calls sand, as 

 some substance called so contains much carbonaceous matter, and would 

 be improved by burning. Pure beach sand needs only to be dried. Burn- 

 ing would not alter its character. Coral sand would destroy instead of 

 preserve fruit, and so would the green sand (marl) of New Jersey. The 

 debris of some rocks is called sand, and soils which contain much other 

 matter, are also called sand. 



Night Soil as Manure. 



E. G. Waters, Coventry, Chenango county, N. Y., says: " I consider 

 night soil, in its crude state, useless as a manure. With soot I can deo- 

 dorize it about as fast as it is mixed. In this state it is a good fertilizer V 



Queer Notions about Grafting. 



Mr. Waters also says: " I think you will yet be satisfied that a sweet 

 and sour apple can be grown by splitting the bud. I have good evidence 



