194 TRANSACTIONS OP THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 



furrow may be run 16 to 21 inches deep in old land, which had been pre" 

 yiously subsoiled. A one-horso plow will work 6 to 9 inches deep. 



Prof. Mapes. — The one-horse size should not be used as a subsoil plow, 

 because it is too small to effect the proper object of a subsoil plow, but it is 

 one of the most valuable implements in cultivating any kind of rowed crops. 



Mr. Robinson and Mr. Quinn both recommended it highly as a marker 

 for TOWS of potatoes and corn, as well as for working- between the rows at 

 times when the surface is clean ; but the earth needs stirring-, so as to let 

 the air or rain water into the soil. It is also a great labor-saving imple- 

 ment in digging carrots. If run close to the row, it loosens the roots so 

 that they can be pulled out with one-fourth the labor usually necessary. 

 Mr. Quinn also stated that he had reduced the cost of digging a drain full 

 one-half by using a subsoil plow in the ditch. 



Mr. Wm. S. Carpenter said that he had used a subsoil plow to very great 

 advantage in preparing land for an orchard. 



Seedling Siberian Crab-Apples. 



Mr. Ambrose Balwin, Girard, Branch county, Michigan, having produced 

 some very superior seedlings from Siberian crab-apple seed, is earnest iu 

 his recommendations to others to grow seedlings. 



Pears Suited to Wisconsin. 



Ml'. George 11. Adams, Danville, Dodge county, Wisconsin, objects to the 

 proposition, made at a former meeting of the Club, that pear trees are 

 naturally hardy as regards winter killing, and that such as are hardy at 

 Boston should be so at St. Anthony's Falls. This he affirms is not so; that 

 many sorts that are quite hardy at the East are very tender at the West, 

 and that the following sorts are the only ones that can be recommended as 

 far north as his place, as most hardy and profitable, viz : For summer — 

 Madeleine, Osband's summer, Tj^son; for autumn — Buflfum, Belle Lucrative, 

 White Doyenne, Flemish Beauty, ISeckel; for winter — Vicar of Winkfield, 

 Glout Morceau. 



Mr. Fuller said that the difference in hardiness of plants here, and at 

 Milwaukee, is very remarkable. This is particularly observable in chei'ry 

 trees. Those that would stand 30 degrees below zero here, he has known 

 winter killed entirely dead there at 10 degrees. 



Successive Carrot Crops. 



Mr. P. T. Quinn, in answer to the inquiry, said : Carrots may be grown year 

 after year to good advantage, if the ground is highly fertilized with some- 

 thing that will not produce weeds, as they are the greatest trouble in 

 carrot growing, and are usually very bad after potatoes. 



Mr. E. Williams, of New Jersey: I planted carrots three years in succes- 

 sion, and they failed the third year, tliough well manured. It is true the weeds 

 were very troublesome, and that is the greatest diflSculty in raising this crop. 



Prof Mapes. — Swell the seed, plant shallow with long scarlet radishes, 

 and in the same rows which mark the line, so the crop can be worked 

 before the weeds overwhelm it. The radishes can be pulled or crushed 

 with a roller. One man grew carrots successfully in this way. He pre- 

 pared the ground well, and sowed oats, and then drilled in his rows of 

 carrots. He cut the oats early, and carried them off the ground at once, 



