352 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 



cally speaking', should form twenty-six pounds of dry manure; but a horse 

 will exhale 420 grains of azote, all of which is derived from the food, and 

 is therefore lost to the manure heap. Now, 386 grains of azote represent 

 nearly three pounds of dry manure, so that the dry manure produced by the 

 horse, kept in confinement, will be reduced from twenty-six pounds to 

 twenty-three, in the course of a year. If this calculation is correct, the 

 azote exhaled will diminish the dry dung nearly 1045 lbs. 



The azote contained in the food of a cow is much more considerable in 

 quantity, and the loss to the manure heap proportionaly larger, inasmuch as 

 the amount she exhales must be added to that which goes to constitute the 

 milk she gives. A cow produces less dung than a horse, which can be 

 proved on scientific grounds. Suppose a cow consume thirty-four pounds 

 of hay, and give sixteen and a-half pints of milk per day,^ 



34 lbs. of hay contain 2675 grains of azote. 



45 " of straw for litter, contain 124 do 



2199 = 20 lbs. of dry dung. 



In twenty-four hours she exhales 385 grains of azote. 



And in the 16| pints of milk 803 do are carried oiF. 



1188 -= 9 lbs. of dry dung. 



The thirty-four pounds of hay digested by the cow, with the litter added, 

 only produced the small quantity of dry dung named. The azote of the 

 food not being found in the excrement, amounts in a year to thirty-three 

 hundred and ten pounds. When the deficiency in the horse amounts to 

 only ten hundred and forty-five pounds. 



Harold Littledale, Esq., has a farm in the county of Chester, England, 

 which contains nearly five hundred acres of land, the geological stratum of 

 which is the lower new red sandstone, with a combination of diluvial drift, 

 and the alluvium of the estuary of the Mersey. Mr. L. has drained all the 

 land capable of being drained. Both pipes and tiles are used. Some of 

 the drains are laid two and a-half feet deep, others four feet, and latterly 

 the depth has been five feet; it has been increased as the result of experi- 

 ence. The widths apart vary from eighteen to twenty-seven feet. The 

 cost was twenty-five dollars per acre. His tank, for liquid manure, is brick, 

 sixty-two feet long, thirteen feet wide, fourteen feet deep, with a capacity 

 equal to about 59,000 gallons, and cost one thousand dollars. The steam 

 engine is a high pressure ten horse power, ten inch cylinder, with thirty 

 inch stroke, works forty-three strokes per minute, with twenty-eight pounds 

 pressure on the square inch. 



At full speed it works sixty strokes per minute, cost $400. This engine 

 grinds, chops, crushes, steams, churns, threshes, pumps liquid manure, 

 saws and performs all the farm work capable of being done by machinery. 

 The irrigation does not require a four horse power, the blacksmitii attends 

 to the engine, shoes the horses, and does all the iron work of the farm. It 

 only works one day per" week for manuring. The distribution of liquid 

 is conducted by a man and bo3^ The engine when working consumes ten 

 hundred weight of coal per day, the proportionate sum per week, due to irri- 

 gation would be 41 cents. There are two pumps, each four incher diameter, 



