434 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 



does not appear any evidence of a "gradual development,^^ for one of its ear- 

 liest trees was a fruit bearing one, and it closed with none higher. 



We have prepared a table* in which are enumerated all the plants and 

 animals of the primordial, and collated in columns with the carboniferous 

 above the coal conglomerate, or mill-stone grit. If we had added the flora 

 and fauna of the sub-carboniferous, the increase of the number of species 

 would have been much greater, and the argument correspondingly stronger. 



Analyzing this table, the following facts are presented: The carbonife- 

 rous seas had of Annellidse 2 gen. and 3 spec; of Foraminifera 1 gen. and 1 

 spec; of Corals 6 gen. and 16 spec; of Echinoderms 9 gen. and 22 spec; of 

 Cephalopods 7 gen. and 48 spec; of Gasteropods 27 gen. and 108 spec; of 

 Brachiopods 13 gen. and 107 spec; of Conchifers 27 gen. and 94 spec; of 

 Articulata 4 gen. and 8 spec; of Fish 13 gen. and 22 spec; of Reptiles 4 

 gen. and 6 spec; and of Insects 3 gen. and 3 spec. 



Many of the genera are new. They were not known in the earlier seas. 

 The following genera have, however, descended from the primordial, viz: 

 Annellidse 1 gen.; Cephalopodse 3 gen; Gasterpodee 10 gen.; Brachiopodaa 

 6 gen; and Conchiferae 3 gen. Per contra; the following, from the Primor- 

 dial, have been lost by the way, viz: of Protozoa 11 gen. and 68 spec; Zoo- 

 phytse 1 gen. and 2 spec; Echinodermatae 2 gen. and 2 spec; Annellidse 2 

 gen. and 22 spec; Cephalopodge 7 gen. and 48 spec. 



Cephalopodee 1 gen. and 2 spec; Gasteropodse 5 gen. and 22 spec; Bra- 

 chiopodae 7 gen. and 17 spec; Conchiferse 9 gen. and 7 spec; and Articu- 

 late 12 gen. and 48 spec. The number of the deaths have exceeded the 

 births, by 5 genera and 152 spec, or 50 per cent, of the gen. and all of the 

 species. 



During the immensely wide interval of time elapsing from the first intro- 

 duction of life into the primordial seas, to this period of dawn of the pre- 

 sent, there have been added to the number of the genera already known, t© 

 the Annellidse 2 gen. and 3 spec; Foraminiferaj 1 gen. and 1 spec; Zoophy- 

 tse 6 gen. and 10 spec; Echinodermatae 7 gen. and 48 spec; Gasteropoda) 

 16 gen. and 108 spec; Brachiopodse 6 gen. and 107 spec; Conchiferoe 24 

 gen. and 94 spec; and to the Articulatae 1 new family, 3 new genera and 8 

 new species. 



To "this view of new creations we must add 3 new orders, having 20 ge- 

 nera and 31 species. The total number of births exceeds the deaths by 3 

 orders: 1 family, 90 genera and 429 species. 



Does this look like death being a conservating force? What plastic 

 power has it evolved to create the new and more glorious ? Where does 

 the theory of " the struggle for existence" derive any substantial support ? 

 The voice -of nature is " behold 1 I create all things new." 



But the Darwinians may say, " You select for your comparison too wide 

 an interval of time, extending through innumerable years of palaeozoic life, 

 and during this interval you know not what developments might have taken 

 place." 



We will narrow our limits of comparison, by leaving out of our calcula- 

 tions two grand epochs of geological time, and of biological data, viz: the 



* The tables referred to do not accompaoy this report. 



