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some others, should have their seed completely separated before they are 

 sown, under an excessively thin covering of soil, which should be rolled, 

 and shaded by matting, or limbs of trees, until the plants show themselves 

 above ground. Leguminous seeds, growing in pods, ripen from September 

 to October ; they may be dried in their pods, kept until spring, and be 

 sown in rows in beds. 



Feathery and cottony seeds ripen from May to November ; the poplars iu 

 May, willows and elms in June, alders in November, and may be sown 

 immediately after they are gathered, and they will come up before fall. 

 The proper way to plant them is to pulverize a piece of ground completely, 

 then roll it slightly, sow the seed, and cover them with vegetable mould 

 just sufficient to conceal them from the eye. After this, water the beds, 

 and shade them effectually. 



In raising timber or other forest trees, nearly everything depends upon 

 properly adapting them to the particular nature of the land ; its being in 

 a suitable state of preparation for their reception, and the planting being 

 performed at a proper season, at proper distances apart, and in a perfect 

 manner, according to the situation and nature of the trees. 



There are a few other circumstances that demand particular attention in 

 conducting this business in an effectual manner, such as keeping the trees 

 free from all sorts of rubbish, and perfectly clean, besides protecting them 

 from the shade and annoyance of other plants, during the first years of 

 their growth, and at the same time sheltering and securing them from the in- 

 trusion of horned cattle, sheep and horses. It is only by paying attention in 

 these several respects that plantations of any kind of trees can be reared 

 with any degree of success or certainty. 



The particular varieties of soils best adapted to the cultivation of the 

 different sorts of timber trees, and in which some or other of them will be 

 found to grow in the best manner, are gravels and light sands, with porous 

 sub-soils ; gravelly or sandy loams on porous sub-soils ; loamy, gravelly 

 or sandy soils, on retentive sub-soils ; gravelly loams, on porous sub-soils ; 

 loamy clays or clayey loams, on porous sub-soils ; and strong, clayey or 

 loamy soils, on retentive sub-soils. Likewise, thin soils on gravelly sub- 

 soils ; also on clay or retentive sub-soils. 



Soils that are of a ferruginous kind, and possessing little depth, are the 

 most unfavorable to the growth of timber, particularly when the sub-soil 

 is retentive, as the destructive moisture, in such cases, stagnates near the 

 surface, and completely deprives the roots of those important healthy ma- 

 terials which they should take up for the purpose of support and nourish- 

 ment. 



In forming plantations, besides the absolute necessity of having them 

 secured by fences, if the soils are not dry, recourse must be had to drain- 

 ing, to take off the superfluous water. The soil and situation being thus 

 considered and prepared, a proper selection of plants should be made. 

 Such as particularly deserve attention for waste lands, are oak, ash, locust, 

 beech, elm, larch, maple, birch, wild cherry, black walnut, and the various 



