AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 363 



Berkshire agriculture,. 50 sovereigns 



Application of manure, 20 do 



Proper use of straw, on a farm, 10 do 



On farm capital, 10 do 



On seed beds 10 do 



Adulteration of seeds, 10 do 



Best essay on any agricultural subject, 10 do 



BUTTER. 



Says the London Magazine : The United States make over 300 million 

 pounds per annum — worth 70 millions of dollars. The butter in Paris 

 markets, annually, is about 16 millions of pounds. 



[London Farmers' Magazine, August, 1859.] 

 FISH MANURE. 



Cuthbert Johnson says : " Guano is a product of fish, who live exclu- 

 sively on fish. Experiments have already been made to imitate guano 

 artificially on coasts abounding in fish. At Newfoundland the codfish, 

 rejected by the fishermen, amount to 280 out of 400 tons. These are used 

 as manure. So states Mr. K. Hamilton, Governor of Newfoundland, and 

 that fish is universally employed for that purpose — the herring, caplin, and 

 the heads, bones and entrails of the codfish, too. They compost the fish 

 with peat bog, earth, clay, &c. He says it is superior to guano aa a fer- 

 tilizer. On their gravelly, unpromising soils near St. John's, it gives 

 grass and potatoes, not surpassed anywhere. To prepare the fish for use, 

 a flat, drying-surface stove is all that is wanted to expel the water, so that 

 the dried fish can be pulverized. It is then comparatively free from any 

 offensive smell." 



The bat dung, from caves in the West Indies, is excellent; no smell; 

 pulverulent, and worth £7 per ton ($35.) 



In 1782 the French employed in the codfish trade, Newfoundland, 340 

 ships, carrying together 36,600 tons, employing 15,000 men. 



STEAM PLOUGHS AND CULTIVATORS. 



Royal Agricultural Society ; meeting at Warwick last July. Fowler's 

 four furrow plough. Premium £50. Ploughed seve7i acres a day. Fow- 

 ler's three furrow plough. These are not like Fawkes', at all. 



THE APPLICATION OF NIGHT SOIL AS A MANURE. 



By Dr. Bartlett, formerly of the N. Y. Albion. — The use of night-soil 

 for agricultural purposes has been checked, and indeed almost prevented, 

 by its disagreeable odor. This objection is nearly imaginary, or at any 

 rate easily obviated. It is now known that mixing this substance with 

 earth, speedily deodorizes it and changes it to a state in which it can be 

 handled without disgust or a disagreeable sensation. Several writers in 

 Great Britain have already demonstrated this fact, among others Mr. Hop- 

 ley, of Eastbourne, and especially the Rev. Mr. Moule, the Vicar of Far- 

 rington, Dorset, who has lately put forth a pamphlet of great interest on 



