AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 523 



ture pervades the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot. In conse- 

 quence of this structure of the face, if the whole body were kept covered, 

 and then suddenly exposed to the weather, the face would resist the action 

 of the weather better than the other parts of the body. 



The habit of shaving with hot water was the principal cause of colds 

 amongst men. It necessitated the muffling up of the neck. My own ex- 

 perience is conclusive on this matter. I have, for whole winters, been 

 speechless, owing to colds caught about the neck ; but since I allowed my 

 beard to grow, and have not muffled up my neck, I have had the use of my 

 voice as perfectly as at present. 



The muffler was put out of fashion by Brummel, who introduced the use 

 of cravats, stiffened with starch, in lieu of mufflers. 



Women are not less liable to bronchial diseases than those men who 

 wear their beards. We have got rid of some of the diseases of the respira- 

 tory organs ; but we have increased others. There is more pneumonia and 

 true bronchitis now than formerly. 



With regard to the feet, the covering for them should be of leather, not 

 of India-rubber or gutta-percha, and the leather should not be too thick. 

 The shoes should be greased or oiled in wet weather, but not in dry. 



Invalids who wear India-rubber, have chronic diseases, induced through 

 the great sympathy between the dermal structure of the feet and the viscera. 

 Persons with moist feet ought to wear cotton stockings ; those with dry 

 feet, woollen. 



The Chairman inquired whether any one present could speak on the 

 subject of the dress worn by the Crusaders ? 



Professor Renwick thereupon said that the Crusaders lasted for a couple 

 of centuries, and that the form of defensive armor, the only dress visible on 

 tombs, had varied. For the greater part of the time, however, the main 

 Article of armor was the hauberk, a coat or shirt of linked rings of steel. 

 This was provided with a hood of the same material, and when the hood 

 was drawn over the head, it afforded a defence for the neck. The head, as 

 the most vulnerable, was covered with a cap of steel, the helm or helmet. 



About the time of Richard I., this helmet had the shape of a cylinder, or 

 rather a barrel — whence probably the name casque. 



The Chairman then inquired whether any one present could state whether ■ 

 in the Greek armor any provision was made for defending the neck ? 



Professor Renwick remarked that it was more than fifty years since he 

 had read the description of the armor of Agamemnon in Xth book of 

 the Iliad. He thought, however, that there was no description of a cover- 

 ing for the neck as adapted to the cuirass. The shape of the Greek helmet, 

 however, rendered such adaptation of little necessity. The Greek helmet 

 could either be drawn over the face, leaving beneath a nose-piece an open- 

 ing for the eyes and mouth ; or it could be thrown upon the back of the 

 head. In the latter position it is to be seen in the busts of ]\Iinerva, 

 whether in marble or cut into intaglios. 



Mr. Seeley made some interesting remarks on the changes through which 



