284 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



der should be again trenched, breaking the material still finer by 

 forking, and permitting it again to remain until it is evident that 

 fermentation has ceased, when it should be dug and turned until 

 rendered fine, and all the materials intimately divided, then 

 trench it again, and mix through it two tons of broken bones, a 

 portion of which, say one-fifth should be fine. In the mixing 

 of these bones the trenching should be performed in layers in- 

 tervening the bones, and then one general trenching after this 

 admixture, until the whole mass is rendered homogeneous — then 

 cap with charcoal dust to retain the ammonia. The elevation of 

 the border should be one loot above the adjacent ground. Where 

 bones cannot be readily procured, the Improved, or Nitrogenized 

 Super-phosj)hate of Lime may be used, and the same for all after 

 manuring of this border, together with unleached wood ashes 

 separately applied, will be found entirely sufiicient. 



The bones are used in the first formation of the border, to se- 

 cure their mechanical effect in leaving the border loose ; for, as 

 they are consumed by the plants, they necessarily leave spaces. 



The mechanical effect of the charcoal in this border, will be 

 readily understood as keeping the soil light, in addition to its 

 effect of. darkening the soil so as to render it readily susceptible 

 to solar heat, while the non-conducting power of the charcoal 

 prevents freezing to any material depth, and its power as an ab- 

 sorbent retains all ammonia liberated by the decomposition of the 

 more putrescent portions of the manure. 



The vines should be put out the first or second week in April, 

 but they have succeeded when planted at a much later date, even 

 as late as July. 



They should be two or three year old plants, and in planting 

 all the soil should be carefully shaken from the roots. The im- 

 mediate soil surrounding them should be leaf-mold, and they 

 should be inserted at a depth of not more than lour inches. The 

 roots will soon travel beyond this leaf-mould, and avail of the gen- 

 eral texture of the border. 



The early planted vine should be mulched, and regularly sup- 

 plied for a time with water. 



Mr. Galbraith stated that he had put out vines tliQ first Aveek 

 in April, and by the fourth of July they had made wood to the 

 top of the house, where the rafters were twenty feet high. After 

 planting, the whole border should be mulched. The object of 

 this is to secure surface travel of roots during the first summer, 

 so that a portion of the roots occupying the upper strata may be 



