356 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



The following are the different methods : Apples and pears 

 have been deposited for winter use. 



1st. In single layers on the bare shelves of a fruit-room. 



2d. In the same manner, but covered with light canvas, which 

 must be dried according as it absorbs the evaporation. 



3d. In close drawers one layer, or several layers in depth. 



4th. In dry casks, without any interposing material between 

 them. A few weeks after they are kept shut they require to be 

 carefully picked over, the casks made perfectly di-y and refilled, 

 the heads closely fitted, and the fruit on no account disturbed till 

 unpacked for use. 



5th. In boxes, casks, large garden-pots, or jars, with pure and 

 dry sand interposed between the layers of fruit. 



6th. In jars in which no sand, or other substance is allowed to 

 come in contact with the fruit. The mouths of the jars being 

 covered with a piece of slate, and the whole plunged into a quan- 

 tity of dry sand so as to be several inches from the free atmo- 

 sphere. The sand being a slow conductor of caloric, the sudden 

 changes of temperature, and their powerful influences in causing 

 the decay of fruits, are avoided. 



7th. In heaps in a dry airy loft, with a slight covering of straw 

 to prevent the frost from injuring the fruit. 



8th. In baskets lined with straw. 



9th. In close cellars, excluded from the light, which is in all 

 cases very injurious. 



1 0th. In dark but airy vaults. 



11th. On a small scale, under a bell of glass, cemented down 

 air tight. This must be done on wood free from resin, else it 

 will communicate its flavor to the fruit by the confined and ac- 

 cumulating exhalation. 



12th. Buried in a box placed on four bricks, under another box 

 inverted, in an excavation so deep that the upper portion of the 

 fruit may be one and a half or two feet below the sui'face of the 

 earth. 



13th. In thrashed grain or corn stalks. 



14th. Reposing on wheat straw, with or without a covering of 

 the same. 



1 5th. In chaff of wheat or oats. 



16th. In flax seed chaff. 



17th. In powdered charcoal. This, if it cannot prevent, will 

 in no degree contribute to the decay internally, or externally. It 

 is the substance in which the Newtown Pippins, sent to England, 



