440 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



ing both the same, and you will find the worked ammal superior 

 to the other, in weight, size, and appearance. Never permit your 

 working oxen to get in low condition, if }ou do, it will cost you 

 one-third more to bring them up again, than it would to keep 

 them where they were, and always get rid of them at eight years 

 old. Four oxen will plow an acre of land properly in a day, and 

 six oxen two acres. The best method of managing them is by 

 means of the yoke and bows, the pole and yoke form the proper 

 lever for an ox. The age of neat cattle is shown by their mouths 

 and horns. 



When turned two years old, the places of the calf-teeth are 

 supplied by two new ones, and in every succeeding year two more 

 are added, until five, when the mouth is said to be full, but not 

 truly so, as the two corner teeth are not fully protruded till six 

 years old. In the horn the first ring or circle does not take 

 place till three years old, after which a fresh one is added every 

 succeeding year, as long as the horn continues. Cattle are sub- 

 ject to many diseases, which it is impossible to consider to-day, 

 but a few remedies that have been found beneficial iij common 

 cases of disease, may be mentioned. In obstinate scourings, 

 which often occur, much advantage may be derived from a strong 

 decoction of common chalk, hartshorn, shavings, and cassia, in 

 the proportion of half a pound of the first to four, ounces of the 

 shavings, and one ounce of the cassia; boiling them in two 

 quarts of water to three pints, the last articles being put in 

 towards the close of the operation. To this may be added, when 

 cold, a pint of lime water, and two drams of the tincture of 

 opium. Half a pint may be given twice a day. In the yellows, 

 a disease that cows are very subject to, advantage has been found 

 from the use of soap. Give an ounce twice a day, dissolved in 

 a quart of meal cordial. The garger is a disease affecting the 

 glands of the udder with hard swellings, arising frequently from 

 not being milked clean. This may be removed by anointing the 

 part twice a day with camphor and blue ointment. If the dis- 

 ease is violent, give half a dram of calomel in warm beer three 

 mornings in succession. In fresh wounds nothing is necessary 

 but to keep the parts. clean, and well protected from the air. 



Sheep are of great value for their flesh, fleece, and other well- 

 known products, and constitute an object of great consequence to 

 the farmers, as they may be kept with advantage on most farms. 



In disposition sheep are naturally tame, inoffensive, and quiet, 

 possessed of no means of defence. They seek society in flocks. 



