THE DOG IX HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE. 



19 



The list is instructive, since it show's that 

 over four centuries ago at least five of the 

 varieties already owned the names by 

 which we know them to-daj*. 



Dame Juliana Bemers was neariy a 

 hundred years in advance of Dr. John 

 Keys, or Caius, who in 1570, or there- 

 abouts, wrote a treatise on the EngUsh 

 dog. During his student days, in 1541, 

 Caius made a long sojourn in Italy. In 

 Padua, where he took his ^I.D. degree, 

 he became intimately acquainted with 

 Andreas \'esalius, the celebrated anatom- 

 ist, with whom he resided for eight months, 

 and who introduced him to Conrad Gesner, 

 the famous naturalist. Gesner was then 

 engaged upon his verj- ponderous " His- 

 tory- of Animals," published eight years 

 afterwards in four folio volumes, and he 

 requested his friend to furnish him with 

 information on the dog. Caius, on return- 

 ing to Cambridge, gathered the required 

 facts and embodied them in a long letter, 

 written, of course, in Latin, which was 

 after\vards translated and pubhshed under 

 the title : " Of Enghshe Dogges : A Short 

 Treatise in Latine by Johannes Caius. 

 drawTie into Englishe by Abraham Fleming, 

 1576." 



Apart from its historical interest tlie 

 treatise is now of no great value, but it 

 shows that even in the reign of Queen 

 Elizabeth such types as those of the Mastiff, 

 the Bulldog, the Bloodhound, Greyhound, 

 Beagle, Setter, Pointer, and Spaniel were 

 already clearly differentiated, and it recog- 

 nised the importance of special training for 

 the sporting breeds and the value of the 

 contributor}- work of the terrier in un- 

 earthing the fox and driving the otter from 

 his holt. 



According to Dr. Caius — 



f A gentle kind, serving the game. 

 All Englishe I A homely kind, apt for sundrj' neces- 



dogges -I sary uses. 



be eyther of A currish kind, meet for many 

 toyes. 



He divides the first of tliese classes into 

 two sections — Venatici, which were used 

 for the purpose of hunting beasts ; and 



Auciipatorii, which ser\-ed in the pursuit 

 of fowl. The Venatici are described by 

 liim as : 



Dogges serving 



y pastime of 

 hunting beastes 

 are divided into 



Leverarius, or Harriers. 

 Terrarius, or Terrors. 

 Saiiguitiariiis, or Bloodhounds. 

 Agaseiis. or Gazehounds, 

 Leporariiis, or Grehounds. 

 Lorarius, or Lyemraer. 

 Vcrtigus, or Tumbler. 

 Caiiis ftirax, or Stealer. 



The next section is devoted to Aucnpa- 

 torii, which comprised — 



Dogs used for 

 fowling 



f index, or Setter. 



Aquaticiis, or Spaniell. 



" The first," Dr. Caius notes, " findeth 

 game on the land. The other findeth 

 game on the water." .\nd he proceeds 

 to give an ample account of the work of 

 the Spaniel and the Setter. 



His fourth section consists of the follow- 

 ing varieties of the dog : 



Virnerpator, or Turnespet. 

 Saltator, or Dauncer. 



Thus we see that Dr. Caius was able to add 

 vePk' considerabty to the number of breeds 

 noted by Dame Juhana Bemers. His state- 

 ments concerning some of the dogs he 

 describes are sometimes extreme^ vague 

 and indirect, but one has to remember that 

 most of his information was gathered, not 

 from personal knowledge of dogs or from 

 books pre\'iousl\^ pubhshed, but from in- 

 quin,- among the sporting friends whom, 

 as physician to the Queen, he met at the 

 court of Elizabeth, and of whom one was 

 certainly Robert Dudlej-, Earl of Leicester, 

 an authority of some significance, since he 

 was the first sportsman to train setting 

 dogs in the manner generally adopted by 

 his successors and continued to the present 

 time. 



