THE COMPLETE HOME LANDSCAPE 



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Fig. 47. — Section through a retaining wall and the soil it holds in place, to illustrate 

 especially the "weak holes" provided at intervals to take care of the drainage 



the superficial area of a wall whose thickness is equal to the width of the 

 pier. All above figures include mortar. The average brick work requires 

 about one-tenth yard of mortar per cubic yard of finished masonry. 



STONE WALLS 



Stone walls are usually divided into two classes — rubble and ashler 

 walls. 



A rubble wall is any wall made of stone in its natural state, laid 

 as a random or course wall. Ashler walls are made of stone cut to 

 rectangular lines. 



A random ashler has no particular horizontal course, as shown in 

 Fig. 46B. Broken ashler is shown in Fig. 46 A and a course ashler in 

 Fig. 46C. The best stone work has mortar one-eighth inch to one-quar- 

 ter inch thick. When the face of the stone is left rough the wall is 

 known as quarry-faced ashler; if the stone is dressed a little it is pitch- 

 face ashler. In a field stone wall the stones should be of about the 

 same size and all of about the same color. The weathered surface 

 should show on the wall and the stone be laid with their long di- 

 ameters horizontal. The largest stones should be used at the base of 

 the wall. If the back of the wall is vertical the stone should be rough 

 and headers that run through the wall should be used. 



Foundations for stone walls are laid according to the same prin- 

 ciples as govern those for brick or concrete walls. Ashler work requires 

 one- tenth yard of mortar per cubic yard of finished masonry; rubble 

 work requires three-tenths to four-tenths yards of mortar per cubic 

 yard of finished masonry. 



