THE PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING 



77 



symmetrical shape of the evergreen is also maintained by such pruning. 

 This, which may be called the main or annual pruning, should be done 

 just when growth commences in Spring. While the work is often done 

 with hedge shears, it is best to shape the tree or bush in question with 

 a knife. By pruning in this way and occasionally pinching the long 

 growths, the tall growing kinds can be kept comparatively low; hence 

 we sometimes see them used in base and low plantings. The well- 

 known dwarf trees of Japan are stunted and contorted by persistent 

 pinching, by tying the shoots, and by constricting the roots. By 

 pruning off the leader of a young, thin evergreen, it can be made to 

 widen out into a well-shaped bush, and another leader can be formed 

 by selecting a well-placed, strong shoot and tying it to a stake. 



PRUNING VINES 



The general principles of pruning shrubs can be apphed to woody 

 vines — when they need pruning. This, however, is very seldom. 

 Take out the old wood and endeavor to promote the growth of healthy 

 young shoots upon which the fruits or flowers are produced. 



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Fig. 77— To make a hedge dense right down to the ground, prune it frequently during its 

 first few years of growth 



