50 



cessive evaporation after transplanting etc. The third main group is taken 

 up with "Flydende Sygdomme," that is, sap-currents, under which is included 

 honey-dew. In the fourth group are found the "Raadnende Sygdomme" 

 which, according to our point of view, might be termed soft rot, putrefying 

 hacteriosis or scrofula. Among the causes figure also the "Snylte-Planterne," 

 i. e. parasitic plants. In the fifth and sixth groups, wounds, frost splits, galls 

 and monstrosities are treated. 



In 1779 appeared the German translation of the Zallinger^ classi- 

 fication with the evident endeavor to utilize the terminology of animal path- 

 ology in plant pathology. Zallinger makes five classes: — (i) Phlcgmasiac 

 or inflammatory diseases; (2) Paralyses sen debilitates, laming gouts or de- 

 bility; (3) discharges and draining; (4) Cachcxiae, bad constitution of the 

 body; (5) chief defect of the dififcrent parts. In order to characterize his 

 theory, let us look for the disease which, with blight, forms the main example 

 in our entire presentation, — viz. canker. Zallinger puts this in the class of 

 the Cachexiae, in the subdivision of the ulcers, under which he includes rachi- 

 tis or abortive growth, leontiasis or rough warts on the skin and others. lie 

 mentions blight, Gangraeno s. Sphacelus as an abnormal Cachexia, together 

 with Phthiriasis or lousy disease and Vermiculatio, the production of worms. 

 From this classification it may be concluded that the author has let himself 

 be guided by the frequently similar appearance of the phenomena, for the 

 dead places in the bark offer a favorable centre of attack by insects. What 

 we now term grain smut is found as Ustilago, or deformity of the seed, under 

 the class of draining. Fabricius had placed "Kraebs," Cancer, in the class 

 of diseases of decomposition. 



Batsch^, in his introduction to the knowledge of plants, also pub- 

 lished a survey of the diseases which he divided into those based on the "de- 

 composition of the firm and fluid parts," i. e. on the constitution of the plant, 

 and into those caused ]:)y "animals and plants." 



Any one, however, looking for our cryptogamic parasites in the latter 

 section would be deceived. These are rather to be found in the first class, in 

 agreement with the conviction already advanced by Zallinger Cs. Ustilago). 

 that the parasitic organisms are not independent plants but only develop- 

 mental forms of the higher plants. Thus Batsch under constitutional dis- 

 eases has one group "Brandige Veranderung des Wesens," change of char- 

 acter due to blight, the first family of which includes the phenomenon, where 

 a decomposition of the tissue into powder "smut, Ustilago" takes place. The 

 second family contains the transformation of the tissues into "a spongy mass 

 (Ergot, Clavus)." 



These views remained in force for some time, as will be seen from the 

 following section. 



1 Abhandluns- iiber die Krankheiten der Pflanzen, ihrer Kenntnis und Heilung; 

 translated from the Latin by .loh. Count v. Aauer.sperg-. Augsburg 1779. 8°. 



-' A. J. G. C. Batsch. Versuch einer Anleitung zur Kenntnis and Geschichte der 

 Pflanzen etc. I. Theil. Halle 1787. p. 284. 



