53 



first in the Middle Ages with the foundation of classification of tlie vegetable 

 kingdom. According to the statements of Corda\ Andreas Caesalpinus 

 (1583) was the first to gather together the fungi in his celebrated book "De 

 plantis." He describes sixteen genera, Tuber, Peziza, Fungus, Boletus, Suil- 

 lus,Prunualus, Prateolus, Familiola, ScorogVm, Fungus marinus, Gallimaceus, 

 Fungus panis similis. Lingua, Digitellus, Igniarius and Agaricum. As it 

 seems, even marine animals have been included here. After almost one hun- 

 dred years appeared Joannis Raji's "Methodus plantarum" Londini 1682. In 

 1710 Boerhave followed with his "Index plantarum horti Lugdano-Batavi" 

 and in 1719 Tournefort appeared with his "Institutiones Rei herbariae." 



The chief work to which modern mycology must refer appeared in 1729 

 in Micheli's "Nova plantarum genera" in which the fungi are most carefully 

 described and illustrated in more than 100 pages and with 12 plates. Micheli 

 studied their life phenomena more closely and was the first to observe the 

 attachment and dissemination of spores. Among the genera there described 

 are found those which are considered in plant diseases, Aspergillis, Botrytis, 

 Puccinia (now Gymnosporangium), Mucor and Lycogala. 



There now follow in quick succession "Methodus fungorum" by Gled- 

 itsch (1753) and the "Fungorum agri ariminensis historia"by Battara (1755), 

 in which a special chapter treats of the usefulness and injuriousness of fungi. 

 The close systematic description of the different genera and species begins 

 with Linnaeus' "Systema Naturae" (1735), the "Methodus sexualis," the 

 "Genera plantarum," the "Corollarium generum" and the "Philosophia 

 botanica." The third edition of this book, published in 1790 by Willdenow, 

 contains an exact list of all botanists up to 1788. The work also mentions 

 a number of diseases (Fames, Polysarchia, Cancer, etc.). On page 

 245 of the present edition by Willdenow, are found the following remarks 

 on parasitic diseases: — "Erysiphe Th. est Mucor alhus, capitulis, fuscis ses- 

 silibus, quo folia asperguntur, frequens in Humulo, Lamio. A cere" etc. . . . 

 "Rubigo est pulvis ferrugineus, foliis subtus. adspersus, frequens in Alche- 

 milla, Rubo saxatili . . . ." "Ustilago, cum fructus loco seminum fari- 

 nam nigram proferunt. Ustilago Hordvi C. B., Ustilago Avcnae C. B." . . . 

 Then follow notes on Ergot, galls and other malformations, changes in color 

 etc. It is of importance to pathology that this exact systematist can not sup- 

 press the fact that really no two individuals resemble one another and that 

 climate as well as soil constantly act in a modifying way on the organism. It 

 is stated in fact in the Philosophia botanica, "Varietates tot sunt quot diiTer- 

 entes plantae ex ejusdem speciei semina sunt productae. Varietas est planta 

 mutata a causa accidentali : climate, solo, calore, ventis etc. ; reducitur itaque 

 in solo mutata." .... Scopoli's book "Dissertationes ad scientam 

 naturalem pertinentes" (1772) treats especially of subterranean plants. In 

 1780 the publication of Bulliard's "Herbier de la France" was begun in 

 Paris, in which the different genera are illustrated on 6co colored plates, 

 ( among others Mucor, Trichia, Sphaerocarpus, Nidularia, Hypoxylon ) . After 



Anleitung- zum Studium der Mykologie. 



