I05 



the earth's surface. It is well-known that Ericaceae and Epacrideae are 

 especially sensitive to too deep planting. In these species the base of the 

 trunk dies even when the root has not suffered very much. When the sap- 

 ling shows moss and lichen growths at the base, there is every reason for 

 being careful. 



In nurseries no one general^ rule holds good in regard to the depth of 

 planting. Aside from the important physical composition of the soil much 

 depends in grafted trees upon the stock. Fruit varieties grafted on wild 

 stock should be so planted that the root neck remains in the plane of the 

 surface of the soil or even projects a little above it. In fact in marshy soil, 

 with a great deal of moisture, planting is made in hills. Pears grafted on 

 dwarf stock (on quinces) and apples (on Doucin and Paradise apples), on 

 the other hand, must be planted at least so deep in the soil that the place of 

 grafting is found at the surface level of the soil; i. e., the whole stock under 

 the soil. From this a considerable number of adventitious roots develop 

 which are especially useful for nutrition. 



Bouche^ has given a splendid summary of practical experiments. 

 He refers first of all to the fact that in old healthy trees the strong 

 roots are seen to appear above the soil and that this appearance of the root 

 neck is normal. Many trees can survive deep planting when young, since 

 they put out new roots from the base of the trunk just below the surface 

 (elms and lindens) ; others, on the contrary, are very sensitive, as, for ex- 

 ample, pears, maples, oaks, most of the Rosaceae, plane-trees, walnuts, red 

 and white beeches. Also most conifers require care in planting, as, for ex- 

 ample, the genera Pinus, Picea and Abies and at times also Thuja, especially 

 Thuja (Biota) orientalis and related species, while deep planting has been 

 proved to have been endured by Thuja occidentalis, T. Warreana, T. plicata. 

 Bouche found trunks 5 to 8 cm. thick putting out a number of new roots from 

 tlieir buried bases whereby they were very much strengthened. Juniperus 

 communis must be planted shallowly but /. Sahina and related species sur- 

 vive deep planting with advantage. It has already been stated of poplars 

 and willows that deep planting is counterbalanced at once by the formation 

 of new roots on the surface of the soil. In weak trunks it is often found 

 that the roots formed just below the surface get the upper hand over the 

 older, deeper ones. It is actually even more advantageous to plant many 

 bushes deeper than they stood before because they strengthen themselves by 

 numerous new roots from the buried base of the stems. This is noticeable 

 for example in Calycanthus, Cornus alba and C. sibirica, Ribes, many kinds 

 of Spiraea, Viburnum Opulus, Aesculus macrostachya, Symphoria, Ligus- 

 trum, Rosa gallica etc. On the other hand Caragana, Berberis, Colutea, 

 Cornus mascula and C. sanguinca, Corylus, Cytisus, Rhamnus, Sambucus, 

 should be planted at the old level. 



1 Bouche, C Ueber das Tiefpflanzen --^on Baumen etc. Monatsschr. d. Ver. 

 Ford. d. Gartenb., v. Wittmack, 1880, p. 212 and Wredow I.e. p. 75. 



