143 



zones could be distinguished. Each of these ended with very slender rings, 

 the tracheids of which had especially narrow lumina and had become 

 browned through resinosis. Otherwise the wood was healthy. In its dimen- 

 sions the bark corresponds to the section, — i. e., on the side of the narrower 

 rings, it was 1.5 mm. thick, on the other side 4 mm. On the narrower side, 

 a depression was found, in which a scantier development of the wood had 

 been equalized by a thicker formation of bark,— up to 5 mm. There was 

 shown here a tendency to loosen the individual bark scales between the flat 

 cork layers resembling full cork. 



Fig. 15. Dwarf specimen of Thuja obtusa, 60 cm. high and 80 cm. wide. (Orig-.) 



At the base of the trunli may be seen the division of the aerial axis 



into a number of root branches projecting- above the pot. 



Thus the statements as to the great age of the trees are seen to be 

 erroneous. These cannot be more than some thirty years old and their dwarf 

 growth, in our opinion, can be obtained by keeping the plants in the very 



was followed in China, because it had been observed that an artificially produced 

 dwarf character is hereditary. When the tendency has become hereditary it is 

 strengthened in the new individual by turning down the end bud of the main shoot 

 and bending it with wire in another direction. "If it is desired to give the dwarf 

 tree the appearance of an old. already half dead tree, the trunk is often covered 

 with syrup to attract ants and these, after they have eaten the sweet, immediately 

 injure the bark, giving it thereby a brownish, half -weathered appearance." 



Rein** describes the Japanese process which is somewhat different. They call 

 the dwarfing or "Nanisation" "Tsukurimono." This expression is not used in the 

 new book by Ideta***. According to Rein, the dwarf growth is secured by choosing 



