287 



In investigating an apple, which was only partially glassy, I found in 

 longitudinal section, that the particles of the skin were most intensively 

 glassy and that, inside the fruit, the white, normal flesh extended from the 

 base pretty nearly to the bud end. The glassy zone had a whitish marbling 

 due to wedged-in groups of normal flesh. The seeds were mostly deformed, 

 not ripe and still white. The healthy part contained abundant starch and 

 intercellular spaces strongly filled with air. These spaces were poorer in air 

 in the glassy part and there was no starch except in isolated, wedged-in cell 

 groups. The glassy part turned brown more quickly in the air; some dex- 

 trin could be found together with abundant grape sugar. In dr}' substances 

 there was found in 



The healthy half The glassy half 



With the skin 21.48 per cent. T9.43 per cent. 



Without the skin 20.24 " " 17.97 " 



Aderhold^ found in 



Healthy fruit flesh Glassy fruit flesh 



Specific gravity O.718 0.925 



Dry substances in percentages of the 



fresh weight T4.44 per cent. 12.60 per cent. 



Ash in percentages of the dry 



weight 2.093 per cent. 1.76 per cent. 



Malic acid in 100 ccm. juice 0.92 g. 0.53 g. 



The most recent determinations come from Behrens^. He found in 



100 ccm. of Water Invert sugar Acid 



Pressed juice of the normal apple 87.38 g. 5-05 g. 0.56 g. 



Pressed juice of the partially glassy 



apple 88.06 g. 4.40 g. 0.47 g. 



In agreement with my statements, the above figures show that the flesh 

 of the glassy apple is considerably poorer in acid, dry substances and ash. 

 The glassy appearance and the smaller size is explained by the fact that the 

 intercellular spaces of the glassy part are filled with water and the cells are 

 smaller. 



Practical growers believe they have observed that the following varie- 

 ties tend especially to the production of glassy fruits : — Zurich Transparent 

 apple, Gloria mundi, white Astrachan and Virginia summer Rose apple. On 

 an average, in the first year of bearing, the little trees were more disposed to 

 the production of such fruits than in later years. 



b. Changes in Production Due to Lack of Nitrogen. 

 Starvation Conditions in Cryptogams. 



In reference to the parallelism of phenomena in lower and in more high- 

 ly organized plants, an example may be cited first of all from the fungi. 



1 Aderhold, loc. cit., y. 8. 



2 Behrens, J., Bericht d. Grofsh. Bad. Landes-Versuchsanstalt Augustenburg i. 

 J. 1904, p. 53. Karlsruhe 1905. 



