334 



branches, resulting from a one-sided increase of growth, we can also per- 

 ceive the splitting of cylindrical branches from the band bodies which 

 occurs more frequently in deciduous trees. Thus the material for many 

 axes, which can be isolated, lies accumulated in the fasciated stem, while 

 the stem itself is a unit. 



We can speak only hypothetically as to the production of the fasci- 

 ations, which are characterized as hypertrophies by the great increase of 

 the leaves and cords of the leaf spurs. An axis, which fasciates later, must 

 originally have suffered some arrestment. We have seen already in roots 

 held fast between split rocks that pressure from two opposite sides may 

 give the axis a band-like form. Under certain circumstances such a changed 

 direction of growth may continue if the cause of arrestment itself has dis- 

 appeared. Thus Treviranus cites an observation on the stem of Tccoma 

 radicans which had become band-like from pressure against the wall, but 

 still remained band-like, after it had grov.-n far out over the wall. Here 

 the branches, which developed further, also became band-like in places. 



Besides such lateral pressure, in other cases a transitory pressure from 

 above may also probably cause a broadening of the vegetative point into a 

 vegetative surface, and such pressure can possibly be produced by the ab- 

 normal behavior of the bud scales (delayed loosening due to resinification, 

 dr}'ing, etc.). In case no abnormal increase of pressure occurs, direct in- 

 juries to the vegetive tip may cause the increase of the vegetable points. 



If the fasciation has once been produced, it can be propagated by 

 cuttings ; even under certain circumstances it can be proved constant in the 

 seed, as is seen in the favorite garden plant, cock's comb (Celosia crisfata). 

 The capacity for fasciation may be presupposed in all plants and actually 

 obserA'ed cases have been reported in great numbers (150) by Masters'. 

 As mentioned already, the fasciated growth produced by a band-like fasten- 

 ing together of isolated axes, should be distinguished from real fasciation. 

 Lopriore- has produced such cases artificially in roots. 



Compulsory Tu'isting (Spiralismus Mor.). 



A. Braun'' characterizes by the above name, those malformations of 

 the stem which consist of barrel-like distended places in which the grooves, 

 extending down from the leaves and representing the vascular bundles be- 

 longing to them, exhibit an extreme, spiral twisting. At times the barrel- 

 like swelling is so great that the stem splits in the direction of the spiral 

 twisting and divides into a number of spiral bands at these diseased places. 

 Schimper has named this disturbance in growth "Strophomania." The ma- 

 jority of cases are known in the families of the Dipsaceae, Compositae and 

 the Rubiaceae. Single examples are described also for the Labiates, 



1 Masters. Veg-etable Teratology, 1869, p. 20. (Compare Penzis- and the isolated 

 cases in the Bot. Jtihresberichten.) 



2 Lopriore. G., Die Anatomie bandartig-er Wurzeln. Cit. Zeitschr. f. Pflanzen- 

 krankheiten. 1904, p. 226. 



3 Sitzung-sberichte naturf. Freunde z. Berlin. Cit. Bot. Zeit. 1873, p. 11 and 20. 



