479 



much more .juicy parenchyma back of it. On this account, close to the 

 larger veins, we find strips of tissue which discolor and dry last. 



In this section many striking diseases, held to be due to wind, have not 

 as yet been sufficiently studied. An example may be found in the so-called 

 Mombacher diseases of apricots, which Liistner^ considers is due to wind. 

 [n Mombach, near Mainz, apricot leaves dry back from the tip and edge, and 

 fall. Sometimes only the dried edge falls, while the rest of the leaf is left 

 on the tree. Liistner considers this a wind disease, while Bruck's opinion- 

 is that it is a result of sunburn. 



It is more necessary to protect garden plants against the raw spring 

 winds than against frost. For example, it was observed in April, 1905, that 

 young rhubarb leaves, which withstand frost if they thaw slowly and wdthout 

 being touched, were much injured when the frozen leaves had been struck 

 by the wind. In the same way young rose shoots were injured only where 

 blown by the wind. While in protected places, young vegetable and flower- 

 ing plants stood in perfect condition ; they were destroyed where the wind 

 had free access''. Besides the increase in the amount of evaporation, the 

 mechanical rubbing of the still tender organ is very destructive. 



In blowing the snow away, the wind does great harm. The seeds of 

 various species live in furrows on the side away from the wind even with a 

 minimal snow covering, while they die on the wnndy side. 



Only a properly constructed protective plantation can decrease the 

 injuries due to wind. By proper construction we mean, in the first place, 

 the imitation of the system which nature adopts in coast regions, and, in the 

 second place, the proper choice of trees. 



The natural system consists in the planting of the lowest growing bushes 

 on the windy side; they are stunted or branches die back where beaten by 

 the wind, but these dried branches break the force of the wind, letting the 

 opposite side develop. If higher bushes are planted behind, they remain 

 protected as far up as the height of the first plantation. If they exceed this 

 their growth becomes stunted and one-sided, yet, nevertheless, they grow 

 somewhat higher and in turn give protection to a tree planted behind them, 

 until finally all the trees can grow well. 



Where there is chance that shifting sand may cause tron1)lp H. Neuer' 

 recommends especially Populus alba and varieties of Salix. As intermediate 

 plants Ailanthus glandulosa and Rhus Cotinus thrive well. Among bushes, 

 Liqustrum vulgar e, Cotoneaster buxifolia, Spiraea opulifolia, Tamarix and 

 Rihea sanguineum are especially valuable. Of decorative plants, Pelargon- 

 iums, Chrysanthemums and stocks should be used first of all. 



1 L/iistner. Beobachtungen liber die sogen. Mombacher Aprikosenkrankheit. 

 Ber. d. Kgl. Lehranstalt zu Geisenheim am Rhein. Berlin 1904, p. 222. Paul Parey. 

 - Bruck, loc. cit., p. 74. 



3 Bottner, Joh., Rauhe Winde. Prakt. Ratgeber im Obst- und Gartenbau 1905, 

 No. 8. 



4 Neuer, H., Neue Erfahrung-en liber Anlagen und Pflanzungen an der Nordsee- 

 kuste. Die Gartenwelt 1904, No. 49. 



