EDGAR TULLIS 



751 



mixing of salt with sand\ The salt used to remove the snow melts and 

 passes into the soil where the street is not asphalted. In the spring the trees 

 start to grow but die during the course of the summer. Here, too, the 

 different varieties display dift'erent degrees of resistance-. Besides this, the 

 action of a solution of sodium chlorid varies according to whether it is con- 

 stantly sprinkled on the roots or whether the soil dries out between times. 

 The latter case is the more dangerous one. 



Extensive injuries have also been found near volcanoes due to the effect 

 of the vapors. The sulfurous acid occurring in varying amounts in the 

 vapor mixture, and also the hydrochloric acid and hydrogen sulfid, may well 

 be the chief causes of the poisoning. They might also give rise to the 

 destructive effect of the showers of ashes; yet this has been ascribed also by 

 some observers to the extensively deposited sodium chlorid. According to 

 Pasquale's reports^, some of the red and violet colors of blossoms change to 

 blue (Papaver, Rosa and Gladiolus), some remain unchanged {Viola tri- 

 color, Convolvulus, Digitalis). The green parts of the plants become brown, 

 during a fall of ashes occurring at the time the trees begin to grow, just as 

 after burning or drying but not scalding. .Succulent and leathery leaves did 

 not suffer. Mechanical effects from the showers of ashes, such as a possible 

 stoppage of the stomata, could not be confirmed immediately. They seemed, 

 however, to 'make themselves felt after some days. 



Sprenger*, who describes the results of the Vesuvius eruption in April, 

 1906, advocates the same theory as does Pasquale. 



Waste Water Containing Calcium Chlorid and Magnesium Chlorid. 



These are found abundantly in mine water from hard coal mines, in the 

 mother liquor flowing away from salt works and baths, in factories preparing 

 calcium chlorid, and potassium salts, in the waste waters of ammonium 

 sodium factories, etc. The analysis of the neutral fluid, which flows from 

 the kettles to which the ammonium chlorid obtained in the manufacture of 

 ammonium sodium is decomposed, shows, for example, what amounts come 

 under consideration in these cases. Konig^ found in i liter, 80.06 g. of 

 sodium chlorid, 56.00 g. calcium chlorid, 1.02 g. sodium sulfate. In other 

 tests, which were strongly alkaline, less of the substances named were found, 

 but, in place of these, sodium sulfate and 3 to 5 g. of free calcium. The 

 changes in composition in the soil have already been considered in the pre- 

 vious section, but it should still be emphasized here that favorable effects 

 have been observed if weak amounts are given temporarily (up to 2.0 g. per 

 liter). The germination of seeds was increased. Raspberries and straw- 



1 Weiss, A. Zeitsch. f. Gartenbau und Gai^tenkunst. 1S94, No. 37. 



2 Ritzema Bos, Schadlichkeit des Auftauens der Trambahnlinien mit Salz- 

 wasser fiir die In der Nahe stehenden Baume. Tijdschrift over Plantenziekten 

 189S, p. 1. 



3 Pasquale, Di alcuni effetti della caduta di eenere, etc. Bot. Zeit. 1872, p. 729. 

 •1 Spreng-er, C, Vegetation und vulkanische Asche. Osterreich. Gartenzeitung- 



1906, Vol. VII. 



5 Denkschrift, p. 161. 



