783 



In places where grazing cattle are driven into the forest they frequently 

 cause greater injury than do game. Roots will be exposed to such an extent 

 that whole trees die along the paths. Sheep and goats bark larches, firs and 

 balsams, etc. As v. Mohl indicates, and Ratzeburg confirms, deciduous 

 trees endure injuries to their trunks, extending to the cambium, much better 

 than do conifers. 



Klein, in his latest forest-botanical note book^ gives numerous and 

 good reproductions of trees that have been gnawed by grazing animals. 



Overgrowth of Cross Wounds in Many-year Old Trees. 

 If branches, or trunks, are cut across the same processes of breaking 

 the bark and the new formation of overgrowth edges must set in as were 



Fig. 178. Remains of a sawed off branch whicli had died back from the cut surface 

 and which had been covered over as witha cap, by the overgrowth edges of following 



years. 



described above in scarification. The injury, however, in itself is much 



more dangerous because in this all the annual rings of the branch are 



exposed and the effect of the atmosphere and wood destroying fungi is 



uncommonly facilitated. 



We see in the adjoining cut (Fig. 178) the product of several years' 



overgrowth of the old stump of a branch. The darker, central part is the 



cut end of the branch, which, under the influence of the atmosphere, has 



died far back into the trunk. In five years, the wood cap of the overgrowths 



1 Klein, Ludwig, Bemerkenswerte Baume im Grossherzogtum Baden. 214 Illus. 

 Heidelberg 190S, Winters Universitatsbuchhandhing. 



