8o4 



found to be only 2>^ cm. thick; it was very juicy and looked like young 

 wood. Almost all the root nourishment for the top of the old tree had to 

 ascend this slender cylinder, and yet in the year observed, viz : March 29, 

 1853, the top developed just as early and had as many leaves and blossoms 

 as the other lindens. But this tree, which at its base had sent out a number 

 of branches and leaved sprouts 5 to 6 cm. thick lost its foliage in August. 



Trecul ascribes to these shoots the maintenance of the basal part of the 

 trunk, below the barked place; they prepared for it the plastic material 

 which a normal trunk receives from the top through the bark. 



Lindley^ describes an analogous process in a birch branch wliich had 

 been completely robbed of bark and sapwood near the place where it joined 

 the tree and yet had continued to grow for several years. 



Th. Hartig- found that a linden, from which a ring of bark had been 

 removed, was still alive 9 years after the operation ; in fact, its fertility 

 was increased. 



The court gardener, Reinecken, in Greiz, reports a grafted elm 10 cm. 

 in thickness, which for 6 years was connected with its stock only through 

 the wood and not through the bark. The Inspector of the Gardens, Roth, 

 in Moscow, also found a red beech 75 cm. thick and 25 feet high, which for 

 45 years had never been connected with the parent trunk by the bark (as 

 Goppert states) but was connected only by the wood layers. Nevertheless, 

 it grew vigorously and was finally broken off by the wind. In the botanical 

 garden at Breslau, a linden 14 m. high and one-third meter thick blossomed 

 every year. Its bark had been removed completely and carefully in 1870 

 for a distance of one-third meter, and above the barked place, an overgrowth 

 layer scarcely 2 cm. long had grown in the first 2 years'*. 



The result of the barking cannot be determined in advance. The life 

 duration in the barked trunk depends considerably on the variety of tree. 

 Rapid growing, deciduous trees best endure such extensive injuries. Satis- 

 factory results have not as yet been reported for conifers. Hartig* did not 

 find any new formation of bark but discovered that'the piece of the branch 

 below this barked place down to the next lower branch had developed into 

 very resinous wood. StolF also could find no regeneration of bark. He 

 states, however, that Nordlinger had observed a new formation of bark but 

 had expressed the opinion that the newly formed bark was not capable of 

 conducting the descending sap current. 



StoU states of monocotyledons that he found a cicatrization of wounded 

 surfaces in a Dracaena, from which he had removed the bark. It was kept 

 in a greenhouse. 



The resulting phenomena depend not only on the plant variety but also 

 on the time of the manipulation and the ease with which the individual can 



1 Gardener's Chronicle of Nov. 13, 1852, p. 726. 



2 Hartig, Th., Folgen der Rinselung an einer Linde. Bot. Zeit. 1863, p. 286. 



3 Goppert, Uber das Saftsteigen in unseren Baumen. 57. Jahresber. d. Schles. 

 Ges. f. vaterl. Kultur 1880, p. 293. 



4 Folgen der Ringelung- an Nadelhnlzasten. Bot. Zeit. 1863. p. 282. 



5 tJber Ringelung. Wiener Obst- und Gartenzeitung 1876, p. 167. 



