FKUITS VAKIETIES AND CULTURE. 



511 



quantity and quality of the fruit; but as a frequent 

 change or renewal of the entire top of the vine appears 

 to be desirable, the young bearing wood should be as near 

 the root of the plant as circumstances will allow. When 

 the important relation of these essential points to success- 

 ful grape growing is thoroughly considered, the secondary 

 character of training of the vine becomes apparent." 



Fig. 197— Overhead Kniffin, or Caywood System. 



There are many systems of training the vines, all of 

 which may be grouped into three classes, depending upon 

 the direction in which the shoots are made to grow. 



1. The upright system. 



2. The pendant, or drooping, system. 



3. The horizontal system. 



The first, or upright system, is well illustrated in the 

 method adopted in some sections of the South, where the 



