ELM FAMILY 



many bud scales, there are perhaps twelve all told and the 

 inner ones become half an inch long, a quarter of an inch 

 wide, pale green, rounded, and tipped with rusty hairs. The 

 enlarged bud scales of the White Elm are bright green, 

 smooth, sometimes an inch long, narrow and acute. 



The samaras are larger than those of the White Elm and 

 more orbicular. They ripen when the leaves are half grown, 

 those of the White Elm ripen as the leaves unfold. The seed 

 cavity is coated with thick brown tomentum. The margins 

 are naked, those of the White Elm ciliate. The character of 

 the inner bark is unmistakable. It is thick, fragrant, muci- 

 laginous, demulcent, and nutritious. The water in which the 

 bark has been soaked is a grateful drink for one suffering 

 from affections of the throat and lungs. The Indians of New 

 York call the tree, Oo-hoosk-ah — "It slips." 



CORK ELM. ROCK ELM 



Uli/iiis ract'iiibsa. 



Eighty to one hundred feet in height, sometimes three feet in 

 diameter, often free of branches for sixty feet; with short spreading 

 limbs at the summit which form a round-topped head. Grows on 

 dry gravelly uplands, rocky slopes and river cliffs. Roots fibrous. 

 Ranges from Vermont to New York, from southern Michigan and 

 Wisconsin to northeastern Nebraska, southeastern Missouri and 

 middle Tennessee. 



Bark. — Gray tinged with red, divided by wide fissures into broad 

 ridges, which are broken at the surface into large scales. Branch- 

 lets light brown, downy, later dark brown or ashy gray. Corky ir- 

 regular ridges appear on branches two years old. 



Wood. — Pale brown tinged with red ; heavy, hard, close-grained, 

 strong and tough, takes a fine polish. Used for agricultural imple- 

 ments, cabinetwork, railway ties, bridge timbers, and sills of build- 

 ings. Sp. gr., 0.7263 ; weight of cu. ft., 45.26 lbs. 



Winter Buds. — Leaf-buds scaly, chestnut brown, ovate, acute, 

 hairy, one-fourth of an inch long ; flower-buds larger. Inner scales 

 enlarge with the growing shoot. No terminal bud is formed. 



Leaves. — Alternate, obovate or oblong-oval, three to four niches 

 long, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, doubly serrate, acute. 



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