148 WILSON EXPEDITION TO CHINA 



Yunnan : Szemao Mts., alt. 1400 m., A. Henry (No. 11605; shrub 10 ft., white, 

 cult.?). Korea: Quelpaert Island, November 1910, Taquet (No. 4459; "fruit 

 aplati, decree rugeuse, mangeable, fruit tres acide ")• 



The sour or Seville orange has a very close superficial resemblance to the sweet 

 or common orange, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, but is in reality a very distinct species 

 as noted in the discussion under the latter species. 



Linnaeus named the sour orange Citrus Aurantium and distinguished the sweet 

 orange as Citrus Aurantium, /3. sinensis. Much confusion was brought about by 

 Loureiro, Risso and other botanists who followed them by calling the sweet orange 

 Citrus Aurantium and giving some other name to the sour orange. Hooker even 

 called the sour orange a variety of the sweet, thus exactly reversing the usage of 

 Linnaeus. Loureiro is apparently the first writer to misapply Citrus Aurantium 

 to the sweet orange. His Citrus fusca seems to have been intended for the sour 

 orange, though very few botanists have been able to grasp his meaning, to judge 

 from the variety of unrelated species that they have classed under this name. 



There is much confusion as to the apphcation of the three principal Chinese 

 names of oranges — Ch'eng, Chii and Kan. Fortunately, we have the direct and 

 competent testimony of Osbeck {Dagbok Ostind. Resa, 192) that the sour orange 

 is called Chang (Tjang in Swedish) in Canton, although he says the common tight- 

 skinned sweet orange is sometimes called by the same name. This name is with- 

 out any doubt the Ch'eng of Mandarin Chinese. Kan refers to the loose-skinned 

 or mandarin type of oranges, so by a process of exclusion the name Chii should 

 apply to the tight-skinned sweet orange. This would give three Chinese names, 

 each written as a single ancient character, for the three species of oranges culti- 

 vated in China. 



Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Dagbok Ostind. Resa, 41 (nomen nudum) (1775); 

 Reise Ostind. China, 250 (1765) .^ 



Citrus Aurantium, /3. sinensis Linnaeus, Spec. 782 (1753). 

 Aurantium sinense Miller, Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). 

 Citrus Aurantium Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. II. 466 (non Linnaeus) (1790). 

 Citrus Aurantium vulgare Risso & Poiteau, Hist. Nat. Orang. 33, t. 3 (1818-22). 

 Citrus Aurantium dulce Hayne, Getr. Darst. Beschreib. Arzneyk. Gew. XL t. 

 28 (1830) .2 



Formosa: Bankinsing, A. Henry (No. 150; truly wild in the mountains). 

 Korea: Quelpaert Island, November 1906,1/. Faurie (No. 480); October 1910, 

 Taquet (No. 4458; " fruit gros, allong6, ecorce epaisse, tres rugeuse, pulpe acide "). 



The common sweet orange, often confounded with the sour or Seville orange, 

 is in fact quite distinct from the latter. The fruits of the sweet orange have a 

 sohd core, never becoming hollow like that of the sour orange; the petioles are 



^ To this species belongs the following Prelinnean name: 

 Aramo dolce Volkamer, Niirnb. Hesperid, t.l88 b (1708). 



2 Vernacular names: " Chii " (Giles, Chin. Diet. ed. 2, No. 3026). — Wu Ch'i- 

 chiin, Chih wu ming shih t'u k'ao, Bk. 32, fol. 5, with 1 plate; also Chang p'ien, Bk. 

 15, fol. 18-21 (1848). — Li Shih-chen, Pen ts'ao kang mu, 1596 (see Bretschneider, 

 Bot. Sin. I. 54), Bk. 30, fol. 9-11, figure in Atlas under leafy trees (Kuan mu) cited 

 from 1655 ed. — T'u shu tsi ch'eng, 1728 (see Bretschneider, 1. c, 71), Sect. 4, Sci- 

 ence, Div. 20, Botany (Ts'ao mu), Bk. 228, 3 pp. with 1 plate cited from large 

 reprint. 



? " Ch'eng," see entries under Citrus Aurantium. 



