48 THE MARKETING OF WHOLE MILK 



many farmers in sections not then producing milk to take 

 up its production. That is probably what happened in 

 the case of the Milwaukee milk zone. 



Figure 3 shows the Milwaukee zone and that part of 

 the Chicago zone which lies in Wisconsin. The solid black 

 squares represent milk going to Milwaukee. The solid 

 black circles represent milk going to Chicago. It will 

 be noticed that the two overlap considerably. For this 

 reason prices in the two centers can never for long be 

 far apart, since it is always relatively easy for some pro- 

 ducers to change from one market to another. It will 

 also be noticed that the principal cream shipments come 

 from a zone farther from the city. In case the city needs 

 more milk, it is always possible to convert some cream 

 producers into milk producers, thereby increasing the 

 city's fluid milk supply. 



The situation just described for Chicago and Milwaukee 

 also obtains for such districts as northeastern Ohio and 

 western Pennsylvania, in which are located such cities as 

 Cleveland and Pittsburg and the smaller cities of Akron, 

 Youngstown, and Warren. Similar situations also obtain 

 in the New York milk zone and in the milk zone of any 

 other large city which overlaps the milk zones of other cit- 

 ies or includes within its own the entire milk zones of 

 minor cities. The dealers in smaller cities which are within 

 a larger milk zone, as, for example, Elyria in the Cleve- 

 land zone and Youngstown in the Pittsburg zone, find 

 that in order to keep a supply coming their way they must 

 pay nearly as much as the prevailing price in the larger 

 center. In November of 1918 the milk price in Pitts- 

 burg was 39> cents per gallon. The Federal Milk Com- 

 mission for Ohio had established for Youngstown a mini- 

 mum price of 34^ cents. The leading Youngstown dealer, 



