THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM 



ingly small. On the right side, the greater part of the anterior 

 surface is related to the inferior aspect of the right lobe of the 

 liver, but, near its lower pole, it is covered by the right 

 (hepatic) flexure of the colon (Fig. 97). Enlargements of the 

 right kidney may extend downwards behind the flexure and the 

 ascending colon, or they may thrust the colon downwards. 

 In the latter case, the dulness of the tumour to percussion is 

 continuous with the hepatic dulness, and it may be a matter 



FIG. 124. Anterior Aspect of the Trunk, showing the surface relations of 

 the kidneys and ureters, the duodenum and the pancreas. 



NOTE. The reference lines are the, same as those shown in Fig. 87. 



of some difficulty to determine whether the tumour has arisen 

 in connexion with the kidney or with the liver. In other 

 cases, the colon becomes stretched across the anterior aspect 

 of the tumour, so that, on percussion, a tympanitic zone is 

 found crossing the dull area. 



On the left side, the kidney is crossed anteriorly by the body 

 of the pancreas, which occupies a broad strip a little above the 

 middle of the viscus (Fig. 125). Above the pancreas, the left 

 kidney is related to the spleen and the supra-renal gland, and 

 it helps in the formation of the stomach-bed (p. 245). Below 



