154 THE ICE AGE IN CANADA. 



and with a climate little different from that which it at 

 present possesses.* In the early glacial period, as well as 

 in the great submergence of the later Pleistocene, its 

 waters must have received contributions of ice, not only, 

 as at present, from Greenland, but also from the northern 

 parts of the Cordilleran and Laurentide glaciers, and 

 there must have been immense accumulations of field-ice 

 in the region of Hudson's bay and northward, which 

 poured its superabundance around both ends of the 

 Laurentides, and, in the times of greater submergence, 

 probably forced its way through many gaps into the 

 region of the great plains and the interior continental 

 plateau south-west of the St. Lawrence valley and great 

 lakes. 



Bearing in mind these various local conditions, which 

 result from the facts stated in previous chapters, we shall 

 be prepared to appreciate the corroborative and otherwise 

 interesting facts which appear in the following local 

 details. 



//. Newfoundland and Labrador. 



In the Journal of the Geological Society of London for 

 February, 1871, is a communication from Staff-commander 

 Kerr, R.N.,in which he gives the directions of twenty-eight 

 examples of grooved and scratched surfaces observed in 

 the southern part of Newfoundland. The course of the 

 majority of these is N.E. and S.W., ranging from K 8 E. 

 to K 64 E. The remainder are KW. and S.E., most of 

 them with a predominating easterly direction. Boulders 

 are mentioned, but no marine beds. The author refers 



* This is proved by the transport of boulders to the north, by the 

 temperate character of the flora to the south of it, and by the continued 

 existence in it of the mammoth and its companions. 



