xiv ANALYSIS 



CHAPTER X 



SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 



I. Starting with the purpose of testing the power of perceptual learning, 

 the experiments dealt with the power of learning as a whole. 2. The 

 factor of attention. 3. Inducement, suggestion, and encouragement 

 as methods of teaching. 4. Description of experiments on method 

 of learning. 5. Further experiments show that though in learning a 

 trick there is a tendency to form habits, this is controlled by percep- 

 tion of results. 6. Probable reasons for imputing perceptual learning, 

 (7) and direction of effort towards the production of physical 

 changes implying what may be called practical ideas in a very crude 

 form. 8. Further evidence in favour of perceptual learning. Sheer 

 accident does not seern to count for much unless attended to. 

 9. The normal process of learning shows that more importance 

 attaches to attention than to repetition of instances. 10. Summary 

 of probable deductions Pages 186 254 



CHAPTER XI 



THE KNOWLEDGE OF CONCRETE OBJECTS 



Animals appear to draw inferences from one object to another similar 

 only in the relation of its parts. Thus they know an object as a concrete 

 whole, (2) and as a centre of many relations. 3. They display the 

 emotional states which go naturally with knowledge of individuals, 

 (4) and there is some evidence that they apply knowledge of how 

 persons or other animals will act so as to devise somewhat original 

 plans of action. 5. Summary. There is in animal behaviour some 

 independent evidence for each of the functions mentioned as 

 characteristic of the Practical Judgment Pages 255 269 



CHAPTER XII 



ARTICULATE IDEAS 



Both for practical ideas in a less crude form and for a certain 

 originality of application there is experimental evidence in the 

 behaviour of apes. 2. Use of stick, &c., to reach food. 3. Dealing 

 with tied rope. 4. With bolt and hook. 5. Case of failure in com- 

 paring one situation with another. 6. Inserting stick in a tube. 

 7. Use of stool. 8. Removing obstacle from chain. 9. Unwinding 

 chain. 10. Attempted theft, u. Evidence for similar articulation 

 or original application of experience among other mammals is of the 

 "anecdotal" kind. It cannot be wholly rejected. 12. Practical 

 iudgment may be attributed to apes with high probability, and with 

 some probability to other of the more intelligent mammals. 



Pages 270 306 



