8 MIND IN EVOLUTION CHAP. 



self," and "feels with his own joys and sorrows, because 

 the same thing is at all times pleasant or painful to him, 

 and not one thing at one time and another at another," 

 since with him is no variableness neither shadow of turn- 

 ing. Modern thinkers * have worked out in some detail 

 this correspondence between the "inner harmony" of the 

 moral or practical reason, and the " outer harmony " of 

 man's relations in society. Both within the soul and in 

 the relations between men, reason, as her sway extends, 

 harmonises, correlates, and connects. The clash of wills 

 is subdued, without loss of vigour or of personality, in 

 a common will. The experience, not merely of the in- 

 dividual but of the race, is brought to bear on the 

 problems which the race must solve. 



7. At this point it will naturally be urged that, after 

 all, things are not, in the absence of reason, as anarchic as 

 might appear from our argument. If the lower animals 

 do not act from purpose, they still behave in a perfectly 

 determinate manner, and in the way best suited to their 

 needs. The singing of the birds or the play of the butter- 

 fly is no mere frivolity, but is serious courtship. Even 

 the kitten that seems to be amusing itself with a ball of 

 string is really preparing, after the fashion that Nature has 

 provided, for the serious business of hunting mice. In 

 short, in the brute creation Instinct replaces intelligence 

 as the correlating or unifying principle in life. On the 

 basis of instinct, means are adapted to ends, food is ob- 

 tained, danger avoided, the young cared for, and long con- 

 nected trains of action, like the nest-building of birds or in- 

 sects, carried out with undeviating persistence. Andnotonly 

 does instinct adapt means to ends, but, it may be further 

 urged, in so doing it uses the very same means which we 

 have dwelt upon as the peculiar property of intelligence. 

 For on any theory of Evolution it is the past experience 

 of the species which directly or indirectly conditions the in- 

 stinctive reactions of the individual. Just as in human 

 life the arts develop from stage to stage as new experi- 

 ments are made and found successful, so in the animal 



1 See particularly Prof. Alexander, Moral Order and Progress 

 p. 117, &c. 



