172 MIND IN EVOLUTION CHAP. 



perienced relation is grasped and applied. If the latter 

 explanation is adopted, we naturally express it by saying 

 that the chick has learnt that yolk of egg is good, but it 

 is essential to note that to express the result in general 

 terms is precisely what the chick cannot do. The chick, 

 we are assuming, perceives the relation in each instance in 

 which it is given, and later on expects the coming result 

 before it is given. The man, observing the chick's action, 

 sees that it is working upon a principle that might be 

 stated in general terms; but it is the man that states the 

 principle, not the chick. 



If, to carry the matter a stage further, the man were 

 addicted to formal logic, he would express the whole 

 process, as it goes on in his own mind, in the well-known 

 scheme of induction and syllogism. Thus : 



1. This, that, and the other yolk of egg is good. 



2. Yolk of egg is good. 



3. This is a piece of yolk. 



4. This is good. 



Now, if the chick's intelligence reaches the second stage, 

 but no higher, it grasps the relation expressed in (i), (3), 

 and (4) of these stages, but not that expressed in (2). At 

 each trial it has recognised the fact that a this piece of yolk 

 is good," and having grasped this it is at a later stage 

 capable of forming the judgment which combines (3) and 

 (4). That is to say, we may represent it as saying to 

 itself : " This is a piece of yolk : it will be good." In 

 other words, it has previously grasped the particular re- 

 lations upon which its subsequent inference rests, and the 

 inference itself consists in the grasping of a relation of 

 which only one term is perceived. This stage is then a 

 correlation of related elements, and if we compare it to 

 explicit inference as analysed in syllogism, we may say 

 that the concrete relations upon which the major premiss 

 is based are perceived, and the relation which leads from 

 minor to conclusion is judged, while the major premiss is 

 represented by the psychological result of the repeated 

 perceptions; a result shown in the power of judging the 

 relation in a fresh case when only one term is perceived. 



If now again we reverse our supposition, and reduce the 



