viii PRACTICAL JUDGMENT 173 



intelligence of the chick to the lower stage, we shall find 

 that much less is explicit, and much more psychological 

 process that we can only know by its results. We shall 

 now have to say that the relations known to the onlooker 

 are never perceived as such by the chick, but that each 

 trial of the yolk goes to build up a habit (which takes the 

 place of the major premiss), which on the perception of the 

 yolk, issues at once in pecking. The perception of the 

 yolk corresponds to the minor premiss, and the pecking 

 to the conclusion of this practical syllogism ; but the 

 chick does not, according to our analysis of this stage, 

 grasp the relation which unites them ; he merely passes 

 from the one to the others. In short, the minor premiss 

 is here replaced by a perception acting upon a preformed 

 disposition. We may express the contrast by saying that 

 in the lower stage, at the moment of action, the conclusion 

 alone is the explicit object of consciousness. " This is to 

 be pecked at " expresses the chick's consciousness ; that, 

 and no more. In the second and higher stage, the relation 

 of minor and conclusion is explicit, " This, being yolk of 

 egg, is to be pecked at." Thus in the lower stage, the 

 conclusion appears as an impulse, issuing from all that has 

 gone before as its psychological basis. There is correlation 

 between a set of experiences on the one side, and a mode 

 of reaction to stimulus on the other. The higher stage is 

 essentially a process of perception and judgment a cor- 

 relation of articulate complexes each containing related 

 elements. 



Finally, the transition from the lower to the higher stage 

 rests on the growth of experience in clearness and compre- 

 hensiveness. In the primitive experience, the feeling 

 modifies the sensation which it follows. Let the scope of 

 consciousness be extended so that sensation and feeling may 

 be apprehended together while yet remaining distinct, and 

 the content sensation-giving-place-to-feeling comes into 

 being. This is the germ of the higher stage. 



