x SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 213 



know ; but he lifted the cover with his nose at once. He could 

 not, however, get the fish out, and I upset the tea-pot for him. 

 Next time he pulled off the lid and upset the pot at once. The 

 food unfortunately stuck in it, and I pulled it out. The third 

 time he turned it completely upside down ; and when, after an 

 interval, I gave him the large tea-pot, he first, after removing the 

 cover, turned it on its side ; then, as the fish was still unattain- 

 able, turned it completely over, and pulled it away from the 

 food. , 



After being once shown Jack learnt to pull a stopper 

 out of a jar with his teeth. 



The stopper fitted into a large round glass jar, and could be 

 lifted with the teeth by a projecting peg. I lifted it out for him 

 once, and left him to deal with the jar, which he did by knock- 

 ing it over, and rolling it all about the room until the meat was 

 jerked out. At the second trial he pulled at the stopper himself 

 with his teeth ; and he repeated this many times. As to the 

 other part of the experiment : if I left the bottle to Jack, he 

 found no better method than that of rolling it about. Another 

 way was for me to hold the bottle, when he could get his paw in. 

 I took his paw, and pulled the biscuit out with it twice ; and 

 after this he used the paw himself when I held the bottle. The 

 first time that he did so, however, seemed to be in the course of 

 general scrabbling, so that an accidental success may have com- 

 bined with the effect of my teaching to influence him. 



The first part of this experiment seemed to me strongly 

 suggestive of perceptual learning. 



(n). Drawers. 



I used a small cabinet of four drawers for the instruction 

 of Jack and three cats. The cats could open the drawers 

 easily by clawing the loops. Jack could not get hold of 

 the loops well, and had to do it by hard scratching. In 

 this way, whether by watching me, or by random efforts, 

 he learned the trick substantially in seven trials. 



During four trials, there was no result beyond smelling about, 

 and once a little scratching near the handle. At the fifth and 

 sixth trials, he scrabbled wildly at the handle (and the one right 

 handle out of four). The seventh time he scrabbled hard at the 

 top of the drawer, and apparently in the crevice between the 

 drawer and the chest. In this way he somehow got the drawer 

 open. There was then an interval, after which he failed once, 

 and then succeeded five times. I afterwards tried his power of 



