2i 4 MIND IN EVOLUTION CHAP. 



discriminating the drawers, in which he failed signally ; and 

 owing to his disappointments, he twice failed or refused to open 

 at all. Nevertheless, I think it may fairly be said that the trick 

 of opening, as distinct from discriminating, was definitely ac- 

 quired. It is hard in this case to say how much was accident, and 

 how much perception of results. 



Some time later, I tried Jack with a drawer more suited 

 to his capacities. It was a drawer in the sideboard, a little 

 above his head, with a brass handle which I stuck out for 

 him to take in the teeth. If he pawed at it the handle 

 fell, and he frustrated himself, so he could only pull quite 

 deliberately with his teeth. From the result it appeared 

 that he rapidly learnt what he ought to do, but for a long 

 time failed, owing to a curious reluctance to pull the metal 

 handle. 



For five trials Jack clawed indiscriminately ; for three more 

 he clawed at or about the handle ; at the ninth and tenth he took 

 the handle gently in his teeth, but did not pull, and refused any 

 further attempt. The next day, after twice refusing any attempt, 

 he again took the handle gently in his teeth without pulling, and 

 again refused further attempt. After two days' persistently 

 showing him, I tried holding him up to it, and pointing, without 

 result. I then took his head in my hands, and tried to put the 

 handle in his teeth, but he merely resisted. By this time I was 

 convinced that it was not stupidity, but reluctance to pull the handle, 

 which he probably felt hard to his gums. I therefore lashed a short 

 stick (previously used in the bolt and lever experiments) to the 

 handle. He at once, without any showing or pointing, took the 

 stick in his mouth near the end, and pulled, The pull being a 

 little sideways, the drawer jammed, and I helped him. The rest 

 of his record (from the 4th trial of that day) is as follows : 



4. Same again drawer jams, and I have to help. 



5. He manages it alone. 



6. I now take stick off handle. He again barks as before, and 

 refuses for some time, but finally, being encouraged, takes handle 

 in teeth, and after hesitation, pulls. 



7. Pulls it out, but not far enough, and in scrabbling to get 

 his nose in, shuts it again. Then baffled. Knocks handle up 

 with his nose. I put it out for him, and he pulls drawer out 

 again, further this time. 



8. Same thing happens. 



9. This time he pulls it farther out. Nevertheless, as he rises 

 to take food, his weight somehow shoves drawer back, and it 



