256 MIND IN EVOLUTION CHAP. 



of dogs to find their way about a new place, I carried a 

 fox-terrier in a box into a room on the first floor of my 

 house, and asked her master to call her from outside. 

 After being let out from the box, and going to the 

 window, she appeared for a short time to be puzzled, but 

 soon started off, and went steadily out of the door, down- 

 stairs, out of the house door, and round the corner to her 

 master. Her total time was 27 seconds. This dog was 

 not in the least infallible, for in the very next experiment 

 she missed her way to begin with. But apparently she was 

 guided by what in a human being we should call common- 

 sense. Familiar with houses, staircases, rooms, and doors, 

 she would understand that to reach her master, she must 

 get out of the room and out of the house. She would be 

 familiar with stairs as leading her to the ground floor. 

 She would judge that, though leaving the house in the 

 opposite direction, she would be able to get round to 

 where her master stood. 1 None of the dogs which I 

 observed in this connection, with the exception of one 

 puppy, 2 showed any hesitation in endeavouring to get out 

 of the house, by however roundabout a way, if their 

 master was outside, or to run round to some door which 

 they had before passed through, if he was inside. 3 That 

 is to say, the full-grown dogs, though in different degrees, 

 could use their experience of houses as structures that 

 have passages and doors and staircases by means of which 

 you can reach your object through roundabout paths, as a 

 guide in my house, which was strange to them. In the 

 same way, an animal's attitude to strange men is deter- 

 mined by his dealings with the men he knows ; if he is 

 guided by resemblance, it is certainly not because he fails 

 in discriminating one individual from another. The little 

 monkey Jimmy was respectful and even friendly to all 

 men, and flew quite systematically at all women and 



1 From the front door onwards, she may very possibly have been in- 

 fluenced by previous experience, as she had come in that direction from 

 her home. In fact, she took the same turning wrongly in the next experi- 

 ment. She had not, however, been brought in through the front door, but 

 by another way ; nor had her master been in the house at all. 



2 Another young dog failed at first to go down the stairs. 



3 On the other hand, they had considerable difficulty in locating a room 

 from outside, particularly if it was upstairs. 



