xi KNOWLEDGE OF CONCRETE OBJECTS 261 



In this matter of searching for a lost object, the contrast 

 between desire and impulse seems to be presented in a very 

 simple form. By impulse, I understand response un- 

 influenced by an anticipatory idea. Such a response 

 would explain a dog's running straight to his master on 

 hearing his voice. A series of such responses might 

 explain its following a route of which every portion 

 was familiar, and each turn associated with the satisfaction 

 of the impulse. But I do not see how it can be made to 

 explain the traversing of a route not associated with such 

 satisfaction, 1 nor the rapid choice of an alternative route, 

 nor the return, which I have seen in the case of a puzzled 

 dog, to the point of departure to seek further assurance. 

 These appear rather as a series of actions dictated not 

 merely by the perception of each object on the dog's path, 

 but by the constant pressure of a desire, the determining 

 factor in which is the remembrance of the master as seen 

 at a certain spot, the relations of which to the place in 

 which the animal finds itself determine its motions from 

 moment to moment. 



3. c. Knowledge of individuals. 



It will now be understood that what has been called 

 above 2 the knowledge of localities, objects, or individuals, 

 makes its appearance in this stage of intelligence. That 

 is to say, there is something more than acquired appro- 

 priate reaction to a perceived quality. There is an 

 appreciation of an object, as a whole, to which many parts 

 and many qualities belong ; and there is a capacity for 

 definite reference to those of the parts or qualities which 

 are not perceived. A toad, a snake, or even a fish, is said 

 to know its keeper. What this usually means is, in fact, 

 that the animal comes at the sound of his voice, or 

 perhaps at the sight of him. There are two or three 

 kinds of reaction which the presence of the keeper excites. 

 This is no more knowing a person than to put down so 

 many shillings on demand is to know the clerk at a 

 booking office. It is merely appropriate reaction to certain 



1 Except, perhaps, where an animal has only to retrace a path just 

 traversed. 



2 P. 158. 



