266 MIND IN EVOLUTION CHAP. 



scale of ascending clearness is occupied by such an inference 

 as that attributed in this story to the dog. Admitting 

 that it falls below the stage in which inference is expressible 

 in general terms, and the connection of one proposition 

 with another by an appropriate particle, must we say that 

 it falls to the stage represented by association ? If we 

 contrast the use made of experience by the dog and the 

 chick respectively, we shall see that there is a very material 

 difference. The chick's response to a certain stimulus is 

 guided by the feeling experienced in immediate relation to 

 a precisely similar stimulus. We may, therefore, fairly 

 speak of an association 1 between the stimulus and that 

 feeling. The dog, on the other hand, in this story, has to 

 make a sort of construction of several different elements of 

 experience. Mr. Lloyd Morgan would not suggest that 

 the sound of a bark outside would naturally impel the 

 little dog in the room to jump up and seize a bone. It 

 has this effect only as applied to the particular circum- 

 stances ; and one does not see how the little dog could 

 apply it except by going through a process corresponding 

 to that attributed to him by Mr. Stone. The bark 

 operates on him only as suggesting that the big dog is 

 out of the room ; and being out of the room, cannot 

 prevent him from taking the bone. Past experience sug- 

 gests each stage in this argument, but the dog has to put 

 them together for himself. His action, taken as a whole, 

 is not based on the association of a feeling with a stimulus, 

 but on a judgment resting on experience as to where 

 another dog is, and what it can or cannot do. 



Under the same head fall cases in which a cat or dog 

 gets a man to do for him what he cannot do himself. A 

 good instance is narrated by Perez, 2 whose dog, a puppy 

 of six months, having been punished for not going out of 

 doors when it was desirable that he should have done so, 

 wakened M. Perez at nights by scratching at his door, or 

 howling. The same writer a little lower down 3 describes 

 how M. Marion's cat, as soon as dinner was served, would 



1 In a loose sense. More strictly as we have seen it is a case of 

 Assimilation. 



2 Les Trois Premieres Annies de V Enfant^ p. 263. 3 P. 272. 



