xii ARTICULATE IDEAS 277 



Both these monkeys, then, clearly learnt to use sticks, 

 ropes, or anything else that came handy, to reach at things 

 outside the range of their claws. 1 It is instructive to com- 

 pare their behaviour with that of the dog and the elephant. 

 I chained Jack up, put a biscuit out of his reach in the 

 crook of a stick, and he rapidly learnt to pull it in. But 

 of any attempt to get the stick into the position in which 

 he could use it, I never saw a sign. 2 It was the same with 

 the elephant, who time after time would pull the stick in to 

 her, getting the bun if it happened to be placed exactly 

 right, and missing it if it was possible to do so. 3 Thus, 

 the elephant and the dog remained in the first stage of the 

 trick. It would of course have been far less easy for them 

 to have got the stick into the right position, but for the 

 elephant, at least, it would not have been impossible. She 

 confined herself, however, to repeating what she had done 

 herself with success, or seen done for her. But to get the 

 stick into position, and use it with effect, involved rather 

 more than this. It is true that the monkeys had seen me use 

 it, and that Jimmy had also seen me place it in the right 

 position for him to use ; but it was no mechanical imitation 

 by which they learnt to use the stick for themselves. It 

 was necessary that they should grasp how the stick 

 and the food stood in relation to them ; that they should 

 get the stick at the food and beyond it. If we regard 

 imitation as the basis of this performance, it is imitation 

 of the higher order, that we have called Reflective or 

 Analogical. A form of " analogical extension " is also 

 strongly marked in the use of substitutes differing very 

 widely in appearance and the manner of use from the 



1 Mr. Bates's Cebus also used a stick for similar purposes, and on one 

 occasion is recorded to have flung a swing at some skins which he wanted 

 so as to get them on the return of the swing (Romanes, p. 480). Miss 

 Romanes records similar facts. Two other monkeys at Belle Vue failed 

 to learn the use of the stick in the few lessons which I gave them. It 

 would seem to be a feat which must be learnt by the animals. 



2 I did not, I must admit, repeat the experiment many times, because 

 Jack strained at the chain so much in his excitement, that I was afraid of 

 his hurting himself. 



3 When she missed it, she got excessively annoyed with the stick, and 

 would try to break it by stamping on it, or would throw it away into her 

 cage, if I did not intercept her. On such an occasion she returned it to me 

 on being ordered, with a very bad grace. 



