xii ARTICULATE IDEAS 305 



With the higher forms of application, we must class 

 " reflective imitation," in which the act of another, which 

 produced no direct result to the observing animal, is by it 

 copied and applied to its own ends. Of this there is also 

 sufficient evidence among monkeys, and some evidence, 

 though less copious, among other animals. 



Lastly, greater freedom in the application of the results 

 of experience to one another, combined with more nicety 

 of perception and clearness of reproduction, yield results of 

 which we have found experimental evidence in the be- 

 haviour of monkeys. Such are the relatively articulate Ideas, 

 involving a relatively accurate and detailed appreciation of 

 the relations of objects (as in the use of the stick, the stool, 

 the removal of obstacles from the chain, the insertion of a 

 stick into a tube). Such are again the intelligent combin- 

 ation of distinct methods of effecting a purpose, seen, for 

 example, in the efforts of the chimpanzee to swing a banana 

 out of its box, and then swish it in by lateral movements 

 of the rope. The same thing appears in many details of its 

 use of the stick. To the same mental factors we may 

 refer such analogical extension of experience as the use by 

 the Rhesus of a rope or a sheet instead of the stick which 

 it had learnt to handle. 1 



It thus appears that so far as experimental evidence is 

 concerned, both the Application of experience in its higher 

 forms, and the power of forming and combining ideas of a 

 fairly articulate type appear in the behaviour of apes, but 

 not of lower animals ; but the tendency of a mass of anec- 

 dotal evidence would suggest that in a different sphere 

 corresponding powers might be found among the more 

 intelligent mammals below the primates. 



Putting all the evidence under these heads together, I 

 think it may be held that the cluster of functions here 

 grouped together under the head of the Practical Judg- 

 ment, are to be found in the animal world below man. 

 That is to say, that animal intelligence at its highest point 



1 Mr. Shepherd, summing up on his Rhesus monkey, writes : "Of the 

 higher powers of the mind the monkey has only rudiments. He has a 

 something which corresponds in function to ideas of a low order and 

 which serves practical purposes. This something we call, with Hobhouse, 

 practical ideas." Op. cit. p. 60. 



