396 MIND IN EVOLUTION CHAP. 



bare existence, or, to put it more fully, of the maintenance 

 of the specific type. Action is not adapted to the im- 

 provement of the type, nor even to making the life of the 

 individual or of other individuals better or fuller or more 

 comfortable. 



From this stage of correlation we passed to those in 

 which the behaviour of the organism is less and less rigidly 

 defined by heredity, while the part played by experience 

 becomes greater. Adaptation becomes at the same time 

 more many-sided and directed to remoter and more 

 comprehensive aims, including conceptions of welfare 

 which involve something more than the bare existence of 

 the species. As the development proceeds, the experience 

 of the race is once more brought into play in a new form, 

 as acting not merely through inheritance, but through 

 tradition and history, and finally as the basis of scientific 

 inductions. In a parallel fashion, the conception of the 

 ends of conduct widens until it grasps the welfare of the 

 race as a whole as its object. At this point Develop- 

 ment, at first blind and mechanical, advancing through 

 stress of conflict and competition, becomes directed and 

 purposeful an organic growth, and yet the growth of 

 an organism that knows its own destiny, and by knowing 

 achieves it. 



This process is, as we conceive, the fundamental fact of 

 Orthogenic Evolution. We have now to summarise the 

 main features of the successive stages as they have appeared 

 in the preceding chapters. 



/. Correlation by Heredity. 



There is, as we have seen, an indirect correlation of 

 experience, reaction, and welfare, before intelligence, that 

 is, the capacity of the individual to learn from experience, 

 comes into play. Response to stimulus is in this stage the 

 outcome of an inherited structure, and if a certain variation 

 of structure gives a more suitable response, that is, one 

 better adapted to preserve the organism or its offspring, 

 such a structure would tend to be " selected." That is to 

 say, individuals possessing it would have an advantage in 

 the struggle for existence. In this way inborn tendencies 

 to a given method of response may be correlated with the 



